Glossary Terms

A retrospective dietary assessment method that analyzes each food and drink consumed over the previous 24 hours

An enzyme that converts aceldehyde to acetic acid

A series of metabolic reactions that requires energy to make a complex molecule from simpler ones

An ion with a net negative charge

Loss of apetite in the elderly that leads to weight loss and overall physical decline

A protein, produced by the immune system that helps fight infection.

Having a ph greater than 7

Organic compound molecule made up of varying numbers of monosaccharides

Foodbourne illness caused by Clostridium botulinium

A substances that releases or binds hydrogen ions in order to resist changes in PH

Early stage of prenatal development following conception up to the end of the eighth week of pregnancy.

The pocess by which large lipid globules are broken down and stabilized in to smaller lipid droplets.

A human experiment in which neither the participants nor the scientists know to which group the participants have been assigned

An alcohol produced by the chemical breakdown of sugar by yeast

situated outside of a cell

The first 5 days of fasting or minimal food intake beginning 24hours after the last meal

The capacity to do work

Rise in body temperature due to excess loss of body fluids associated with sweating

an eating disturbance characterized as an irrational fear of trying new foods

An insoluble protein that frms blood clots

A hormone secreted by the endocrine cells that stimulates the production and release of gastric juice

Chewing or grinding food with teeth to prepare for swollowing

Hormone secreted by the pancreatic B-cells in response to increased blood glucose

The last segment of the small intestine that comes after the jejenum

Hairlike projections on the surface of enterocytes

A complex of cholesterol, fatty acids, cells, cellular debris, and calcium that can form inside blood vessels and within vessel walls

Nitrogen containing compounds that are often added to processed meats to enhance color and flavor

The alteration of a gene

A hormone like protein released by nerve cells

the protein component of rhodopsin

A federally funded program whereby american volunteers live and work with people in underdeveloped countries

A device made of rigid wire mesh that is threaded into atherosclerotic blood vessel to expand and provide support for a damaged artery

A baby born with a gestational age of more than 42 weeks

A hormone produced by the pituatary gland that stimulates the production of milk in the alveoli

An ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm

An essential trace mineral involved in gene expression,immune function, and cell growth

A blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart

A taste, in addition the the four basi c taste components that imparts a savory or meat like taste

The inner, less dense layer of bone containing the marrow

The type of osteoporosis that occurs mostly in women caused by hormone related bone loss

A growth sometimes caused by cancer

A disease that occurs in newborn infants characterized by internal bleeding from inadequate vitamin k

A group of foodbourne illnesses caused by consuming shellfish that contain marine toxins

Physical indicator that can be seen by others such as pale skin and rashes

Statement concerning scientifically backed health benefit associated with a food or food component

Tissue that specializes in movement

A component of the u.s. public health service whose mission is to compile statistical information to be used in improving the health of americans NCHS

The area of the brain that controls many involuntary functions by the release of hormones and neuropeptides

Organic compound used as an energy source during starvation, fasting, low carb intake diets or uncontrolled diabetes

A portion of the retina important for sight

A form of PEM characterized by extreme wasting of muscle and adipose tissue

Program that provides canned, boxed, and sometimes fresh foods directly to individuals in need

A water soluble

vitamin involved in single carbon transfer reactions needed for amino acid metabolism and DNA synthesis

Inflammation of diverticula (pouches) in the lining of the large intestine

Iron containing protein complexes that combine electrons, hydrogen ions, and oxygen to form water

A gene that codes for the leptin receptor

Hormone secreted by the adrenal glands in response to stress that helps increase blood glucose availabiliy vis gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

A passive transport mechanism twhereby a substance crossed a cell membrane with the assistance of a transport protein

The portion of the grain that contains mostly starch

A blood vessel that carries blood to tissues

A provitamin A carotenoid

A phosphate containing charged chemical structure that is a component of a phospholipid

A branch of medicine related to cancer and its treatment

A membrane enclosed organelle that contains the genetic material DNA

The greatest amount of bone mass a person has during his or her life

A layer of tissue that lays between the mucosa and muscularis tissue layers

Intestinal enzyme that hydrolyses sucrose into glucse and fructose

A condition characterized by serious damage to the cornea due to vitamin A defiency that can lead to blindness

Zinc containing 3-D structure of some proteins that allows them to regulate gene expression

A water soluble vitamin involved in energy metabolism and the conversion of homocysteiing to methionine

The form of osteoporosis that occurs in men and comen caused by age related lifestyle factors

A genetic disorder resulting in the production of faulty HDL particles that can not take up cholesterol from cells

The layer of tissue in the GI tract that consists of at least two layers of smooth muscle

The gene that codes for the protein leptin

Carbohydrate made of relitively few (3-10) monosaccharides

A scale ranging from 0-14 that signifies the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

waves of muscular contractions that move materials in the GI tract in a forward direction

Dissacharide consisting of glucose and fructose found primarily in fruits and vegetables

A relationship between two factors that is not influenced or modified by another factor

Manifestation of disease that cannot be seen by others such as stomach pain or loss of apetite

The sphincter that separates the ileum from the cecum and regulates the flow of material between the small and large intestines

An essential trase mineral that is a cofactor for enzymes needed for bone formation and the metabolism of carbs, protein and cholesterol

Bacteria that reside in the large intestine

A water soluble spherical structure formed inthe small intestine via emulsification

The fluid component of blood

An abnormal eating behavior that involces consuming nonfood substances such as dirt or clay

A type of infectious pathogen that often causes foodbourne illness

Within a cell, a structure that carries out a particular function

A substance that contains carbon carbon bonds or carbon hydrogen bonds

A condition that occurs when a part of the brain does not recieve enough blood

A passive transport mechanism whereby a substance crosses a cell membrane without the assistance of a transport protein

A condition caused by vitamin C defiency: symptoms include bleeding gums, bruising, poor wound healing and skin irritations

A water soluble vitamin that has antioxidant functions in the body

A substance founbd in animal foods and thought to benefit human health above and beyond the provisin of essential nutrients and energy

A form of Creutsfeldt-Jakob disease that may be caused by consuming BSE contaminated foods

small blood vessel that branches off from veins

The level of exertion needed for cardiovascular fitness that is equivalent to 50-85% of the maximum heart rate

A essential water soluble vitamin involved in energy metabolism, synthesis of DNA RNA and NADPH+H+ and nerve function

A baby born with a gestation age less than 37 weeks

The total number of people who have acondition in a given period of time

A disordered eating pattern characterized by a cycle of daytime food restriction, excessive food intake in the evening, and night time insomnia

A heme protein found in muscle

Pathalogical preoccupation with increasing muscularity

A publication that requires a group of scientists to read and approve a study before it is published

The space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes

The number of people who are newly diagnosed with a condition in a given period of time

In young children, a desire for a particular food

Program that prepares and serves meals to those in need

Metabolism, by bacteria that occurs under relitively anaerobic conditions
ALSO
The process whereby yeasy chemically breaks down sugars to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide

A combonation of interrelated conditions: disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and osteopenia

A disease characterized by moderate bone mineralization

An estrogen-like phytochemical

An organ made up of fetal and maternal tissue that supplies nutrients and oxygen to the fetus

Organic compounds found in some foods

A physiological response to training caused bu a disproportionate increase in plasma volume relative to the number of red blood cells

a form of an element that contains additional neutrons

Process whereby plants trap energy from the sun to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water

an enzyme that contains a mineral cofactor

A cancerous growth

A substance held together by chemical bonds

carbohydrate consisting of a single sugar

Elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood

Substances released from glands or cells in response to various stimuli that exert their effect by binding to receptors on specific tissues

High blood sodium concentration

An increase in the size of a tissue or organ due to and increase in cell size or number

growth associated with increased cell size

An increase in the number of cells

A substrate attached to an enzymes active site

a cartilage flap that covers the trachea while swallowing

The cause or origin of a disease

Athletic work outs that improve cardio and pulmonary function

Producing a toxin while in the GI tract

The number of carbons in a fatty acids backbone

The thick fluid resulting from micing food with gastric secretions in the stomach

Category of carbohydrates that includes ogliosaccharides and polysaccharides

The portion of the large intestine that carries material from the cecum to the rectum

A nonprotein component of an enzyme, often a mineral, needed for enzymes to function

Measurments or estimates of physical aspects of the body such as height weight circumfrences and body composition

Nutrient composed of a central carbon bonded to an amino group, carboxylic acid group, and a side chain group (r-group)

A specialized cell that makes up adipose tissue

Having a PH less than 7

The cycle of cell formation and breakdown

exocrine cells in the gastric mucosa that produce the protein digesting enzyme pepsin

The main protein found in connective tissue including skin, bones, teeth, cartilage and tendons

A sensory receptor that responds to a chemical stimulus

A soft rounded mass of chewed food

Hormone released from the adrenal glands in response to stress helps increase blood glucose levels by promoting glycogenolysis

A form of thiamin defiency characterized by muscle loss and leg cramps

The dense hard layer of bone found directly beneath the periosteum

The buildup of fluid in the interstitial spaces

Removal of an amino group from an amino acid

Discoloration and pitting of teeth caused by excessive fluoride intake

A form of iodine defiency disorder that affects babies born to iodine defient mothers

Method for estimating body composition that cmpares weight on land to under water

Symptom of vitamin A defiency in which immature skin cells overproduce the protein keratin causing rough scaly skin

A chemical reaction whereby compounds react with water

monosaccharides made up of six carbon atoms

A condition caused by the accumulation of uric acid in the joints

Inorganic substance other than water that is required in the body in small amounts

A substance that covers and protects mucous membranes

A molecule (such as water) that has both positively and negatively charged portions

Involving the use of cells or environment that are not part of a living organism

The onset of milk production

A form of PEM often charactarized by edema in the extremeties

Muscle cells that surround alveoli and that contract, forcing milk into the mammart ducts

A method used to assess body composition, based n the scattering and aabsorbance of light in the near-infrared spectrum

Tissue that specalizes in communication via neurons

Food that stimulates the growth of bacteria that naturally reside in the large intestine

Statement concerning less well established health cbenefits that have been ascribed to a particular food or food component

intermediate product formed during metabolism of carbohydrates and some amino acids

A protein produced in the stomach that binds to vitamin B12

A subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom tha carries a positive charge

Nitrogen containing macronutrient that is made from amino acids

Environmental agent that can alter normal cell growth and development causing a birth defect

A double double carbon bond in which the hydrogen atoms are arranged on the opposite sides of the double bond

Amount of time between the consumption of food and the elimination as a solid waste

A major mineral important for fluid balance, muscle and nerve function, and energy metabolism

A molecule produced in a chemical reaction

Tubule in the kidneys that filters waste materials from the blood that are later excreted in the urine

Obese mouse with a mutation in the gene tha codes for the hormone leptin

The loss of one or more electrons

Corrective responses that oppose change and restore homeostasis

A molecule that does not have differently charged portions

a substance in foods used by the body for energy, maintenance of of body structures, or regulation of chemical processes

A bone cell that promotes bone formation

Chronic condition such as ulcerative colitis and chrons disease that cause inflammation of the lower GI tract

The first stage of cancer in which a normal gene is transformes into a cancer forming gene (oncogene)

AN atom that has acquired an electrica charge by gaining or losing 1 or more electrons

Polysaccharide foun in plants that is not digested or absorbed in the human small intestine

A six carbon monosaccharide found mainly bonded with glucose to form the milk sugar lactose

A portion of a chromosome that codes for the promary structure of a polypeptide

A string of more than 12 amino acids held together via peptide bonds

A subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom with no electrical charge

The condition in which protein (nitrogen) intake is less than protein (nitrogen) loss by the body

A malformation in which the neural tissue does not form properly during fetal development

The number of infant deaths (<1yr of age) per 1000 live births in a given year

A diesease resulting from selenium defiency

A type of cell usually an immune caell which contains large amounts of lipids

A large epidemiologic study begin in the 1940s designed to assess the relationship between lifestyle factors and risk for heart disease

A retrospective dietary assessment ethod that assesses food selection patterns ofer an extended period of time

A condition caused by excess alcohol consumption characterized by the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver

The metabolic pathway that regenerates glucose by circulating lactate from muscle to the liver where it undergoes gluconeogenesis

Mouse with a mutation in the gene that codes for the leptin receptor

A protein produced in the liver and smooth muscles in response to injury or infection that, when elevate, can indicate risk for cardiovascular disease

Cells in the retina that are needed for vision

The smallest portion into which an element can be divided and still retain its properties

The main artery that initially carries blood from the heart to al areas of the body except the lungs

A disease that results from thiamin defiency

edema that occurs in the abdominal cavity

A protein present in egg whites that binds biotin, making it unavailable for absorbtion

The outermost layer of tissue covering the front of the eye

The more oxidized form of copper

A chemical reaction that results in the formation of water

A relationship that involves one or more interactions

Period spanning the 8th week of gestation until birth

A type of bariatric surgery in which an adjustable, fluid filled band that is wrapped around the upper portion of the stomach dividing it into a small upper pouch and a large lower pouch

A food that contains an essential nutrient, phytochemical, or zoonutrient and is thought to benefit human health

The process by which food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine

Fiber that is added to food to provide beneficial physiological effects

Measures aimed at preventing the food supply from falling victim to planned contamination

AN ESSENTIAl trace mineral that acts as a cofactor for nine enzymes involved in redox reactions

A molecule made up of two or more different types of atoms

tissue that supports connects and anchors body structures

Reccomended intake of a nutrient based on 2000 or 2500 kcal/day diet

Initiatives directed at reducing poverty by the transfer of money contingent upon the recievers actions

The temperature range between 40-14 degrees ferenheit in which pathogenic organisms grow most readily

The first segment of the small intestine

A heme protein complex that is part of the electron transport chain in mitochondria

Intesinal enzyme that hydrolyzes a 1,6 glycosidic bonds

Inflamed tongue

Invaginations of the mucosal lining of the stomach that contain specialized endocrine and exocrine cells

The oxidized form of iron

A surgical procedure that reduces the size of the stomach and bypasses a segment of the small intestine so that lesser amounts of nutrients are absorbed

The percentage of whole blood that is red blood cells(erythocytes)

A factor, other than the one of interest, that may influence the outcome of an experiment

Intestinal enzyme that hudrolyzes glycosidic bonds in dissacharides

The alteration of a proteins 3d structure by heat, acid, chemicals, enzymes, or agitation

A high energy compound consisting of creatine and phoasphate used to generate ATP

A type of starch consisting of a linear (nonbranching) chain of glucose molecules.

an area on an enzyme that binds substrates in a chemical reaction

A metabolite of cholesterol tha is conberted to cholecalciferol (D3) in the skin

A protein released by nerve cells that stimulates hunger and/or decreases energy expendature

A protein important in regulating fluid balance between intravascular and interstatial spaces

A major mineral important for regulating fluid balance, protein digestion int he stomach via HCL, and carbon dioxide removal by the lungs

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process

A class of drugs sometimes taken to reduce bone loss

Surgical procedure performed to treat obesity

A mitochondrial enzyme that adds a phosphate to ADP to form ATP

Inflammation of the mucosal membrane that lines the stomach, reducing the number of cells that produce gastric secretions

The process in which an immature cell becomes a specific type of mature cell

Amphiphatic substances made from cholesterol in the liver; a component of bile important for lipid digestion and absorbtion

a condition in which the immune system attacks an otherwise healthy part of the body

an aggregation of specialized cell types that are similar in form and function

A condition in which muscles tighten and are unable to relax

The "turning on" of protein synthesis

The process by whch amino acids are linked together via peptide bonds on ribosomes, using mRNA and tRNA

A lipoprotein made by the liver that contains a large amount of trigyceride; its major function is to deliver fatty acids to cells

A relitively non toxic nitrogen containing compound that is produced from ammonia

response to high or repeated drug or alcohol exposure that results in a resuced effect

A misshapen protein that causes other proteins to also become distorted, damaging nervous tissue

The combining of polypeptide chains with other polypeptide chains in a protein

The return of previously removed materials to the blood

an constituent of DNA and RNA

The inner lining of the back of the eye

An association between factors in which a change in one is related to a change in the other in the opposite direction

Abnormal gene that transforms normal cells to cancer cells

nitrogen containing chemical carcinogens that are produced from nitrites

Complex carbohydrate made of many monosaccharides

Overconsumption of a nutrient resulting in dangerous (toxic) effects

The time between when infection occurs and signs and symptoms appear

the mid section of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum

A curvature of the upper spine caused by osteoporosis

Maximum number of years an individual of a particular species has remained alive

a food preservation process that applies radiant energy to foods to kill bacteria

The first time a female menstuates

a fluid found in lymphatic cells

The cavity inside a tubular structure in the body

A six carbon monosaccharide found in fruits and veggies also called levulose

A protein important for iron absorbtion and storage in the body

The first four hours after a meal

A portion of a cytochrome that codes for the primary structure of a polypeptide

A form of iodine defiency that causes an enlarged thyroid gland in children and adults

low blood potassium concentration

The gel like matrix inside cells but outside of organelles

A stage in the life cycle of parasites

A condition that occurs when food moves too rapidly from the stomach into the small intestine

Small blood vessel that branches off from the arteries

Reoccuring episodes of consuming large amounts of foods within a short period of time NOT followed by purging

An energy requiring mechanism by which some substances cross cell membranes

A common configuration that makes up many proteins secondary structures

The precursor of Angiotensin II

The mineral matrix of bones and teeth

the portion of a grain that contains most of the vitamins and minerals

The reduced form of iron

The form of folate commonly used in vitamin supplements and food fortification

Chemical reactions that take place simultaneously often involving the oxidation of one molecule and the reduction of another

An element or variable in our surroundings over which we may or may not have control (such as pollution or temperature)

difficulty swallowing resulting from an injury or disease

The "turning off" of protein regulation

A procedure in which a healthy blood vessel obtained from the leg,arm, chest, or abdomen is used to bypass blood from a diseased or blocked cornary artery to a healthy one

A partial breakdown product formed during starch digestion consisting of varying numbers of glucose units

A visual image produced using ultrasound waves of the hearts structure and movement

A disease caused by riboflavin defiency

The series of chemical reactions that breaks down fatty acids to molecules of acetyl CoA

A fluid made by the liver and stored and released from the gallbladder that contains bile salts, cholesterol, water, bile pigments

The sequence of amino acids that make up a single polypeptide chain

The period of time (4-24h after meal) when no dietary nutrients are being absorbed

A constituent of DNA and RNA

A unit of measure usef to describe the combined amount of preformed vitamin a and provitamin a carotenoids in food

Dietary fibre capable of being dissolved in water

A substance that dissolves in a solvent

The active form of folate

A fatty acid that contains at least one carbon carbon double bond in its backbone

Iron that is not attached to a heme group

The science of how living organisms obtain and use food to support processes required for life

When a changei n one cariable is related to a change in another variable

A group of ppl, animals, or cell that does not recieve experimental treatment

A long chain polyunsaturated w-6 fatty acid produced from linoleic acid

Consumption of five or more drinks in males and four or more drinks in females with the intent to become intoxicated

Dental caries that occurs in infants and children who are given bottles at bedtime that contain carbohydrate containing beverages such as milk or juice

Energy expended to sustain metabolic activities related to basic vital body functions such as respiration, muscle tone, and nerve function

Compound or condition that causes cancer

A dietary pattern emphasizing fruits, veggies, and low fat dairy products designed to lower blood pressure

A procedure in which the hearts electrical activity is recorded

Substances such as salt that dissolve or dissociate into ions when put in water

A chronic inflammatory conditin that usually effects the ileum and the first portion of the large intesine

A common configuration that makes up many proteins secondary structures

The most active form of vitamin E

A growth that may or may not have minimal physiological consewuences but does not invade the surrounding tissue or metastasize

A public education program developed to reduce foodbourne bacterial illness

The process of selective removal of metabolic waste products from the blood

Slow muscular movements that move the colonic contents back and fourth to help compact the feces

A less severe form of fetal alcohol syndrome resulting from maternal consumption of alcohol while pregnant

An inherited element or variable in our lives that cannot be altered

A protein found in cereal grains such as wheat, rye, barley, and possibly oats

Dietary fibre that is incapable of being dissolved in water

protein found on the surface of certain cell membranes that bind insulin

A substance that accepts an amino acid group from an amino acid in the process of transamination

The most abundant form of iodine in the body

A lipid composed of a glycerol bonded to a polar head group and a fatty acid; final product of phospholipid digestion

AN infant that weighs less than 2500g 5lb 8oz at birth

the breakdown of triglycerides in to fatty acids and glycerol

The number of illnesses om a given period of time

Region toward the back of the mouth that is the shared space between the oral and nasal cavities

A hormone produced in the pituatary gland that stimulaes the movement of milk in to the mammary ducts

A broad spectrum of academic and social disciplines related to nutrition

The study of how nutrition and genetics influence health together

Pancreatic secretions that contain bicarbonate and enzymes needed for digestion

A protein produced by exocrine cells in the gastric pits of the stomach needed for b12 absorbtion

Special proteins embedded in the surface of lipoproteins

Energy expended for basal metabolism per hour expressed as kcal per hr

A condition characterized by unregulated cell division or inadequate cell death

The pouch that marks the first section of the large intestine

A cloudy growth that develops on the lens of the eye causing impaired vision

An ion with a net positive charge

A unit of measurment used to describe the amount of bioavailable folate in a food or supplement

The more reduced form of copper

An enzyme that splits creatine phosphate to generate creatine and inorganic phosphare (P1)

The use of altered genes to enhance health

A coenzyme form of riboflavin

The metabolic pathway that splits glucose into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate

an iron storing protein

AN experiment in which something is altered or changed to determine its effect on something else

A spherical particle made of varying amounts of triglycerides, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, phospholipids, and proteins

intestinal enzyme that hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose

a nitrogen containing chemical used to make lightweight plastic objects

Death of a fetus within the first 20 weeks of pregnancy

An inert (nonliving) substance in food that causes illness

hormonal changes that precede menopause

A lipoprotein particle (LDL) with lipids or proteins that have been oxidized by free radicals

Excess weight for a given height

Athletic workouts that increase muscle growth and strength

Blood vessel that transports oxygen poor bloood from the right side of the heart to the lungs

People who experience cycles of fasting followed by bingeing

category of carbs consisting of mono or dissacharides

A defiency disease resulting from a lack of vitamin D in young children characterized by deformed bones esp in the legs

An essential trace mineral needed for proper insulin function

The process by which blood clots are formed

The total amount of bone mineral in the body

cells that produce and release their secretions into ducts

carbohydrate consisting of two monosaccharides bonded together

abnormally low level of glucose in the blood

A complex protein composed of four iron containing heme groups and four protein subunits needed for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the body

abnormally high levels of blood glucose

A concept that emphasizes not consuming too much of a particular food

Dark green feces like mattter that collects in the intestine of an unborn baby

A hormone produced mainly by adipose tissue that helps maintain body weight

Cancer causing compounds that can be formed when meat is grilled

The phenomenon in which there is an apparent effect of the treatment because the individual expects or believes it will work

a molecule that enters a chemical reaction

The energy required to raise the temperature of a substance

The portion of an amino acids structure that distinguishes it among other amino acids

AN enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds

An inactive protein made by the liver that is converted by renin into angiotensin I

a strand of DNA in a cells nucleus

the first intermediate eproduct in the citric acid cycle formed when acetyl-CoA joins with oxalacetate

The absorbative surface of the small intestine made up of thousands of microvilli found on enterocytes

COndition characterized by high blood insulin

An essential trace mineral that is a cofactor for enzymes needed for amino acid and purine metabolism

A genetic abonormality resulting in decreased absorbtion of dietary zinc

A severe and potentially life threatening alergic reaction

A lipoprotein made in the enterocyte that transports large lipids away fromt he small intesine in the lymph

A water soluble vitamin involved in energy metabolism and the regulation of gene expression

Low blood glucose that occurs when the pancreas releases excess insulin regardless of food intake

Alterations in gene expression that do not involve changes in dna sequence

A lipid consisting of a chain of carbons with a methyl (-CH3) group on one end and a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) on the other

Indicates the number and types of atoms in a formula

The production and release of milk

An essential trace mineral that is a component of the thyroid hormones

The inner compartment of the mitochondrion

questions asked to assess overall health

An alteration of a gene that is present in at least 1% of the population

Delayed or slowed growth caused by chronic undernutrition

A component in retina that consists of the protein opsin and the vitamin cis retinal; needed for night vision

weakening of the bones caused by excessive fluoride intake

An energy requiring mechanism whereby large molecules move into or out of cells by an enclosed vesicle

An enzyme that catalyzed the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

AN enzyme found mostly in the liver that metabolizes ethanol to acetaldehyde

Hormone produced in the pituatary gland and released during periods of low blood volume; stimulates the kidneys to decrease urine production; thus conserving water

A grass roots movemebt that emphasizes purchasing foods grown processed and distributed locally

The outer layer of the grain that contains the most fiber

A major mineral found in the skeleton and needed for blood clotting, muscle and nerve function, and energy metabolism

Causing bloody diarrhea

The amount of calories that can still be eaten without promoting weight gain after all the essentail nutrients have been consumed

Elevated levels of lipids in the blood

when a solution has a large amount of solutes diluted in it

An organism (plant or animal) made by genetic engineering

the stage of prenatal development from the 8th wk of pregnancy through birth

rise in body temperature that occurs when the body has trouble dissipating heat

physical exertion that causes elevation in breathing sweating and heart rate

membrane bound protein that binds LDLs causing them to be taken up and dismanteled

an autoimmune disease caused by B12 defiency due to lack of intrinsic factor

a disease caused by a niacin or tryptophan defiency

teh situation in which a person consumes the required amount of a nutrient ot meet physiological needs

Adipose tissue found directly beneath the skin

a secretion released into the mouth by the salivary glands ; moistens food and starts the process of digestion

An enzyme produced in the kidneys in response to low blood pressure; converts angiotensin to angiotensin I

Self induced vomiting and or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, and or enemas

small finger-like projections that cover the inner surface of the small intestine

a type of inflammatory bowel disease that causes chronic inflammation of the colon

The less active form of thyroid hormone; contains four atoms of iodine

The oxidized form of the coenzyme that is able to accept two electrons and two hydrogen ions forming FADH2

A tubular passageway that runs from the mouth to the anus that includes several organs that participate in the process of digestion

The amount of bone mineral per unit volume

the early stage of embryonic development

Average intake required to maintain energy balance in healthy individuals based on sex age physical activity level weight and height

An essential trace mineral needed for amino acid and purine metabolism

A form of vitamin K produced comercially

A statistical prediction of the average number of years of life remaining to a person at a specific age

A term that encompasses habitual, excessive intakes of clcohol that lead to negative physical, legal, or social consequences

A system that connects local food growers to local consumers such as that food "bundles" are purchased on a weekly or monthly basis

Federal legislation aimed to ensure the continues safety of the U.S. food supply from intentional harm by terrorists

the transfer of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to ADP to form ATP

Adipose tissue deposited between organs in the abdomen

The highes level of chronic intake of a nutrient thought not to be detrimental to health

substances released by organs that make up the digestive system that facilitate the process of digestion

hormone secreted by the pancreatic a-cells in response to decreased blood glucose

a substance that binds compounds in the gi tract making them unavailable for absorbtion

A form of vesicular active transport whereby intracellular cell products are enclosed in a vesicle and the contents of the vesicle are released to the outside of the cell

enzyme poduced in the stomach that hydrolyzes ester bonds between fatty acids and glycerol molecules

a fatal disease in humans caused by a genetic mutation or surgical contamination with prions

neurons located within the submucosa and muscularis layers of the digestive tract

A fatty acid that contains more than one carbon carbon double bond in its backbone

The numerous folds of the mucosal lining of the small intestine

a naturally occuring compound in some foods that can be used as a food addative to prevent discoloration and bacterial growth

inflamation of the mucous membrane of the mouth

Dietary reccomendations developed by the USDA based on categorizing foods into food groups

A protein important for iron transport in the blood

A form of vitamin K produced by bacteria

enzyme that hydrolyzes maltose into two glucose molecules

A lymphatic vessel found in an intestinal villus

A measure of energy expendature obtained by assessing heat loss

A compound formed in starchy foods when heated to high temperatures

the formation of scar tissue in the liver caused by chronic alcohol abuse

The outward bulging of a blood vessel

A toxic compound produced by cerain moulds the grow on peanuts, some grains, and soybeans

An amphibolic pathway that oxidized acetyl-CoA to yield carbon dioxide, NADH+H+, FADH2 and ATP via substrate phosphorylation

The protein that transports copper in the blood

The soft spongy inner part of the bone that makes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

A device used to measure the amount of energy in a food

The aount of a nutrient that meets the physiological requirments of half the healthy population of similar individuals

A procedure used to examine the lining of the upper GI tract (esophagus, stomach)

Water that contains stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen atoms

A lipid made of glycerol bonded to two fatty acids

A condition in which carotenoids accumulate in the skin causing the skin to become yellow-orange

Hormones secreted by the mucosal lining of the gi tract that regulate GI motiity and secretion

A nonessentail trace mineral that strengthens bones and teeth

Iron that is a component of a heme group; heme iron includes hemoglobin in blood, myoglobin in muscles, and cytochromes in mitochondria

formation of glycogen

Cellular organelles involved in generating energy ATP

Physical activity that causes a mild increase in breathing sweating and heart rate

Dissacharide consisting of glucose and galactose; produced by mammary glands

A trace mineral needed for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, energy metabolism, removal of free radicals, and synthesis of DNA

amino acids that can be used to make ketones

AN unidentified compound found in meat that increases the absorbtion of non-heme iron

An association between factors in which a change in one is related to a similar change in the other

An enzyme needed for protein digestion

The end of a fatty acid with the methyl (-CH3) group

Energy expended for spontaneous movement such as fidgeting and maintaining posture

The transfer of nutrients from the lumen of the small intestine into and out of the enterocyte

A lipid composed of a glycerol bonded to two fatty acids and a polar head group

A type of lipid with a distinctive multi-ring structure; a common example is cholesterol

The state in which hunger is satasfied and a person feels they have had enough to eat

The lower portion of th elarge intestine between the sigmoid colon and the anal canal

A form of neural tube defect in which the spine does not properly form

A water soluble vitamin involved int he metabolism of proteins and amino acids, the synthesis of neurotransmitters and hemoglobin, glycogenolysis, and regulation of steroid hormone function

Protein found on cell membranes that binds transferrin allowing the cell to take up iron

Physical exertion that causes profound increases in breating sweating and heart rate

The more active form of thyroid hormone; contains three atoms of iodine

A type of glycosidic bond between two monosaccharides that is in a downward direction

Pain in the region of the heart caused by a portion of the heart muscle recieving inadequate amounts of blood

organic molecule, often derived from vitamins, needed fr enzymes to function

The process by which older and damaged bone is removed and replaced with new bone

A study in which data are collected form a group of individuals who are not asked to change their behaviors in any way

a PURE SUBSTANCE MADE UP OF ONLY ONE TYPE OF ATOM

A toxic agent produced by an organism after it enters the GI tract

Cells that produce and relese hormones in the blood

A copper containing enzyme needed in the electron transport chain

Severe metabolic condition resulting from the accumulation of ketones in the blood due to diabetes

A genetic abnormality resulting in increased absorbtion of iron in the intestine

Compounds found in some vegetables that decrease iodine utilization by the thyroid gland

A decrease in the number of red blood cells per volume caused by plasma volume expansion

Chemical bond formed by condensation of two monosaccharides

A medical procedure that uses a machine to filter waste products from the blood and to restore proper fluid balance

A rating system used to catagoreize foods relative to their glycemic responses

A six carbon monosaccharide produced in plants by photosynthesis

A compound that is converted to methionine in a folate and vitamin B12 requiring coupled reaction

A form of RNA involved in gene transcription

A chronic disease that results from deterioration of the retina

A "fake" treatment given to the control group that cannot be destinguished from the actual treatment

The final product in the citric acid cycle which becomes the substrate for the first reaction in this pathway

The bodys adaptive response when challenged by physical exertion

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction

A circular muscle that regulates the flow of fod between the stomach and duodenum

A measure of the alcohol content of distilled liquor

Folding of a polypeptide chain because of interactions among the R-groups of the amino acids

A shift in the countrys population from primarily rural to urban regions

An inactive precursor of an enzyme

The movement of nutrients into the blood following the catalysis or breakdown of a tissue

The coenzyme form of B6

The condition in which protein (nitrogen) intake equals protein loss by the body

A fatty acid in which the first double bond is located between the third and fourth carbons from the methyl or omega (w) end

The relative ratio of nutrients in a food in comparison to total calories

A form of thiamin defiency that occurs in infants breastfed by thiamin defient mothers

A contaigous illness caused by a pathogen such as bacteria,virus, or parasite

In the body, amino acids that are immediately available to cells for protein synthesis and other purposes

Behavioral component of our lives over which we may or may not have control (diet, tobacco use)

Tabulated information concerning the nutrient and energy contents of food

A thick layer of mucus that protects mucosal lining of the stomach from the acidic gastric juice

the branch of science and medicine that focuses on health issues related to aging

Biological catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions that break chemicaal bonds by the addition of water (hydrolysis) resulting in the breakdown of large molecules into smaller components

tolerance to one substance that causes tolerance to other similar substances

A series of chemical reactions that transfer electron and hydrogen ions from NADH+H+ and FADH2 along protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane ultimately producing ATP

Weighing between the 10th and 90th percentile for weight for gestational age at birth

The normal process by which a cell leaves the cell cycle and dies; programed cell death

The hardening and narrowing of blood vessels caused by buildup of fatty deposits and inflammation in the vessel walls

irregular heartbeat

A condition in which a person loses lean body mass

The branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of obesity

Medical condition characterized by a lack of insulin or impaired insulin utilization that results in elevated blood glucose levels

When the relationship between two factors is influenced or modified by another factor

A broad spectrum of conditions caused by inadequate iodine

conditin characterized by the inability of insulin receptors to respond to the hormone insulin

When a solution has a small amount of solutes in it

organic substance that is relitively insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents (macronutrient)

an essential w-6 fatty acid

A lipid made of a glycerol bonded to a single fatty acid

A fatty acid having 8-12 carbon atoms in its backbone

A poison produced by ocean algae

A method used to assess body composition by passing xray beams thru the body

An anarobic pathway that uses ADP and creatine phosphate to generate ATP

Energy expended by basal metabolism over 24hours

The toxin produced by red tide causing algae which, when consumed, cause shellfish poisoning

Type of glycosidic bond between two monosaccardies that is in an upward direction

Components of the body such as fat, lean mass (muscle), water and minerals

A term used to describe all the B-vitamins

Energy exerted to adapt to change in the environment or to physiological conditions

A gneetic (inherited) disease in which a defective chloride transporter results in the inability of the body to transport chloride out of the cells

A theory suggesing that conditions during gestation can alter risk for chronic diseases later in life

The process whereby solid waste (feces) is formed and expelled from the body

A process used the make a concentrated alcoholic beverage bu condensing and collecting alcohol vapours

The phase of digestion stimulated by the arrival of food to the stomach characterized by increased GI motility and the release of GI secretions

A blood vessel that circulates blood to the liver from the GI tract

Condition resulting from excessive ketones in the blood

A response to cellular injury that is characterized by capillary dialation, white blood cell infiltration, release of immune factors, redness, heat, and pain.

A sensory receptor that responds to pressure, stretching, or a mechanical stimulus

A pathogen in food that causes illness and can be passed or transmitted from one animal or person to another

Involving the study of natural phenomenon in a living organism

Federslly funded programs that provide free or subsidized nutritious meals to school age children living in low income households

A unit of measure that describes the niacin and or tryptophan content in food

A carotenoid that cannot be converted to vitamin A

A fatty acid in which the first double bond is located between the sixth and sevents carbon from the methyl or omega (w) end

Inflammation of the pancreas

The breakdown of proteins into peptides or amino acids

A lifestyle, environmental, or genetic factor related to a persons chance of developing a disease

Folds that line the inner stomach wall

A protein that contains selenomethionine instead of sulfur containing methionine

A "mini stroke" that is caused by a temporary decrease in blood flow to the brain

A set of heart healthy diet reccomendations put fourth by the National Cholesterol Education Program

A form of thiamin defiency characterized by severe edema

The coenzyme form of thiamin that has two phosphate groups

A governmental agency that monitors the nations health in order to prevent disease outbreaks

A federally funded epidemiologic study begun in the 1970's to assess trends in diet and health in the US population

A person who conducts and or evaluates nutrition related research

The process by which minerals are added to cartilage ultimately resulting in bone formation

A substance that does not contain carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds

A rise in ketone levels in the blood, causing the ph of the blood to decrease

The movement of milk through the mammary ducts toward the nipple

A condition that typically affects the lower GI tract causing abdominal pain, muscle spasms, diarrhea, and constipation

A condition caused by the weakening of the gastroesophageal sphiincter which allows gastric juices to reflux into the esophagus causing irritation to the mucosal lining

AN iron containing enzyme that helps stabilize free radicals

Product intended to supplement the diet and that contains vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs, or other plant derived substances or a multitude of other food derived compounds

A set of four types of nutrient intake reference standards used to assess and plan dietart intake; these include EAR, RDA's,AI and UL

A form of vesicular active transport whereby the cell membrane surrounds extra-cellular substances and releases them into the cytoplasm

A circular muscle that regulates the flow of food between the esophagus and the stomach; also called lower esophageal sphincter or cardiac sphincter

Mixing and propulsive movements of the gastrointestinal tract caused by contraction and relaxation of the muscularis

A lipoprotein made primarily by the liver that circulates in the blood to collect excess cholesterol from cells

A condition in which elevated circulating vitamin A levels result in signs and symproms of toxicity

The particular DNA contained in a persons cells

The end of a fatty acid with the carboxlic acid (-COOH)group

The active form of vitamin D in the body produced in the kidneys from 25-(OH)D3

The structure remaining after the amino group has been removed from an amino acid

The nitrogen containing component of an amino acid

A concept used by the USDA for Americans that emphasizes eating apropriate amounts of food from each food group

The cell membrane that faces away from the lumen in the GI tract and toward the submucosa

An enzyme produced in the pancreas that cleaves fatty acids from cholesteryl esters

The soft, nonmineralized precursor of bone

biologically active compounds synthesized from arachidonic acid and EPA

Condition in the large intestine characterized by the presence of pouches that form along the intestinal wall

A category of eating disorders that inclof the diaudes some but not all of the diagnostic criteria for anorexia/ and or bulemia nervosa

A long-chain polyunsaturated w-3 fatty acid produced from linolenic acid

Genetic abnormality caused by a defiency or abscence of one or more enzymes needed for a metabolic pathway to function properly

A measurment of energy expendature obtained by assessing oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production

An essential w-3 fatty acid

A series of interrelated enzyme catalyzed chemical reactions that take place in cells

A subatomic particle in the nucleus of an atom with no electrical charge

FDA regulated phrase or words that can be included on a foods packaging to describe its nutrient content; based on a 2000kcal diet

Enzyme released from the pancreas that digests starch by hydrolyzing a-1,4 glycosidic bonds

A lipoprotein that delivers cholesterol to cells

Glucose transporters that require insulin to function

metabolic pathway that leads to the production of ketones

An infant who is above the 90th percentile for weight for gestational age at birth

the metabolic processes that result in fatty acid and ultimitely triglyceride synthesis

The epreading of cancer cells to other parts of the body via the blood or lymph

A product formed before a metabolic pathway reaches completion, often serving as a substrate in the next chemical reaction

A lipoprotein that results from the loss of fatty acids from a VLDL; IDL's are ultimately converted to LDL's

an enzyme that hydrolyzes the ester bond between a fatty acid and a glycerol in a triglyceride molecule

The phase of digestion when chyme enters the small intestine, characterized by both a decrease in gastric motility and secretion of gastric juice

The number of deaths in a given period of time

A disordered eating pattern characterized by eatingwhile asleep without any recollction of having done so

Movment of watr molcules from the region of lower concntration to that of a higher solute concentration, until equilibrium is reached

An inherited disease in which th body cant convert phenylalanine into tyrosine

a chemical bond that joins amino acids

The oxidized form of the coenzyme that is able to accept two electrons and two hydrogen ions, forming NADPH+H

The health of a person as it relates to how well his or her diet meets that persons individual nutrient requirments

The chemical reactions that link the oxidation of NADH+H+ and FADH2 to the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP and water

A bone cell that promotes bone breakdown

An enzyme produced in the pancreas that hydrolyzes ester bonds between fatty acids and glycerol molecules

Softening of the bones in adults that can be due to a Vitamin D defiencu

The lowest intake level of a nutrient that supports basic physiological functions and promotes optimal health

A condition in which protein (nitrogen) intake is greater that protein (nitrogen) loss in the body

When a researcher influence the results of a study

Weight re-gain that often follows successful weight loss

The balance between protein degradation and protein synthesis in the body

An organelle associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm involved in gene translation

The process of aging during which function diminishes

The gain of one or more electrons

an antioxidiant found in the skin of red grapes that is abundant in red wine

A hormone, secreted by the duodenum that stimulates the release of sodium bicarbonate and enzymes from the pancreas

Very small (single cell) organisms that are sometimes parasites

Poisonous substance produced by microbes while they are in a food (prior to ingestion)

Energy expended for the digestion, absorbtion, and metabolism of nutrients

A measure of iron status that relates to the total number of free (unbound) iron-binding sites on transferrin

A fatty acid comtaining at least one trans double bond

A multifaceted disease resulting from vitamin a defiency

Inactive proenzymes produced in the pancreas and released into the small intestine in response to CCK

a lipid composed of a glycerol bonded to three fatty acids

AN intermediate product made during the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecalciferol(D3) in the skin

Low blood glucose that occurs when the pancreas releases too much insulin after eating carbohydrate rich foods

Poor nutritional status caused by factors such as illness

Process by which HDL's remove cholesterol from nonhepatic (non-liver) tissue for transport back to the liver

A carotenoid that can be converted to vitamin A

a specific strain of a larger class of organism

The oxidized form of the coenzyme that is able to accept two electrons and two hydrogen ions forming NADH+H+

Plant and animal foods that have been grown, harvested, and processed without conventional pesticides, fertilizers, growth promoters, bioengineering, or ionizing radiation

The shift from undernutrition to overnutrition or unbalanced nutrition that often occurs simultaneously with the industrialization of society

A water soluble vitamin involved in energy metabolism, hemoglobin synthesis, and phospholipid synthesis

An essential water-soluble vitamin involved in energy metabolism, electron transport chain, synthesis of fatty acids and proteins, metabolism of Vitamin C and folate, glucose homeostasis, and cholesterol metabolism

Laboratory analysis of biological samples such as blood, urine... used in nutritional assessment

Brightly colored compounds found in some foods; structures similar to that of vitamin a

a method used to assess body composition based on measuring the bodys electrical conductivity

A transport protein made in enterocytes that assists in calcium absorbtion, synthesis is stimulated by vitamin D

A chemical used in the body when it needs to perform work

A procedure in which a patient recieves an injection of dye that allows x-rays of blood vessels in the heart to be seen

A type of starch consisting of highly branched arrangement of glucose molecules

An inactive form of vitamin d thatis made from cholecalciferol in the liver

A hormone secreted by adipose tissue that appears to be involved in energy homeostasis; also appears to promote sensitivity and supress inflammation

Sores occuring on the outsides and corners of the lips

A chemical used in the production of many plastic items including baby bottles

A long-chain, polyunsaturated w-3 datty acid produced from linolenic acid

decreased ability of the blood to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide due to rupturing of red blood cells

a medical device used to measure the concentration of glucose in the blood

low blood sodium concentration

the lining of the gi tract that is made up of epithelial cells; also called mucosal lining or brush border

A circulatory system made up of vessels and lymph that flows from organs and tissues, drains excess fluid from spaces that surround cells, picks up dietary fats from the digestive tract, and plays a role in immune function

the form of vitamin K found in foods

connective tissue that encloses the GI tract

Physical activities that overload specific groups of muscles to make them work harder

a muscular band that narrows aand opening between organs and the GI tract

A mixture of two or more substances that are uniformly dispersed

nonprotein component of a protein that is part of the quaternary structure

A fatty acid having <8 carbon atoms in its backbone

a form of thiamin with three phosphate groups

Accumulation of body fat in the abdominal region

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to low blood sodium concentration (hyponatremia) and angiotensin II

family interaction characterized by a lack of cohesiveness and little parental involvement

Enzyme produced by enterocytes that aids in the final steps of digestion

Tissue that forms a protective layer on bodily surfaces and lines internal organs, ducts, and cavities

an amino acid that can be converted to gluose via gluconeogenesis

A condition that occurs when the heart muscle does not recieve enough blood

A condition in which red blood cells are large and immature.. caused by the inability of the cell to mature and divide apropriately; can be due to folate defiency or b12 defiency

cell organelles associated with endplasmic reticula

the inactive form (proenzyme) of pepsin

Energy expended for resting metabolism over a 24hour period

food or dietary supplement that contains live bacteria

A major mineral important for regulating fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction

A hormone made from cholesterol

A hormone produced in the pituatary gland that stimulates uptake of iodine by the thyroid gland

Active enzymes involved in protein digestion in the small intestine

A form of RNA in the cytoplasm involved in gene translation

steps used by scientists to explain observations

proteins that carry retinol in the blood

type of dietary assessment that assesses present food and beverage intake

condition that results when the heart muscle weakens in response to heavy alcohol consumption

AN inactive form of folate

nutrient intake of healthy populations that appears to support adequate nutritional status; established when RDA's can not be determined

inflammation of the liver caused by chronic alcohol abuse

A measurment in a biological sample such as blood or urine that reflects a nutrients function

blood vessels with thin walls which allow for the exchange of materials between blood and tissues

A hormone produced in the thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium levels

A subatomic particle that orbits around the nucleus of an atom that carries a negative charge

Synthesis of glucose from non-carb sources

Elevated levels of triglycerides in the blood

AN essential mineral that is needed in amounts less than 100mg/day

Enzymes that cleave fatty acids from glycerol backbones, as in triglycerides, ohospholipids, and cholestryl esters

An organism that, during part of its life cycle, must live within or on another organism without benefiting its host

The publication in which a scientific finding was first pubslished

The average intake of a nurtient thought to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97%)healthy peopr in a particular physiological state and age

Diabetes that results from other diseases, medication
, or medical conditions

A chemical compound consisting of a sterol molecule bonded to a fatty acid via an esther linkage

The transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to another organic compound (a-ketoacid) to form a different amino acid

Sensors that monitor conditions and changes in the GI tract

An essential water-soluble vitamin involved ini energy metabolism, the synthesis of a variety of vitamins, nerve function, and protection of lipids

The second stage of cancer in which the initiated cell begins to replicate itself, forming a tumor

The division of the cardiovascular system that begins and ends at the heart and delviers blood to all the organs except the lungs

The protein that transports B12 in the blood

The process by which mRNA is made using DNA as a template

poor nutritional status caused strictly by inadequate diet

The third stage of cancer in which tumor cells rapidly divide and invade surrounding tissues

A barrier that allows spassage of some, but not all, molecules across it

Energy expended for resting metabolism per hour that is assessed under less stringent conditions than is BMR

A term used to describe all forms of vitamin A

A copper containing enzyme that reduces the superoxcide free radical to form hydrogen peroxide

A hormone produced in the parathyroid glands that stimulates the conversion of 250(OH)D3 to 1,25(OH)2D3 in the kidneys

A fatty acid having >12 carbon atoms in its backbone

A fatty acid that contains one carbon-carbon double bond in its backbone

A group of selenoprotein enzymes that have redox functions in the body

Cancer-causing compounds that can be formed when meat is cooked at high temperatures

The stage of development that extends from conception through the 8th week of pregnancy

A technique used by some athletes to increase glycogen stores in mucles by combining a certain workout intensity with a level of carbohydrate intake

A sign of vitamin A defiency characterized by white spots on the eye; caused by buildup of dead cells and secretions

a carbon-carbon double bond in which the hydrogen atoms are arranged on the same side of the double bond

The primary metabolic pathway that chemically breaks down alcohol in the liver

A cluster of milk producing cells that make up the mammary glands

A unit of measurment that describes the level of alcohol in the blood

A nitrogen-containing compound needed for fatty acid transport across membranes; may be conditionally essential in infancy

Metabolic pathway that generates intermediate products that can be used for both catabolism and anabolism

The lipoprotein particle that remains after a chylomicron has lost most of its fatty acids

A fatal disease in cattle caused by ingesting prions

having both non polar (non charged) and polar (charged) portions

The fortification of a select group of foods (rice, flour, bread or rolls, farina, pasta, cornmeal, corn grits) with FDA specified levels of thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, folate, and iron

The attractive force between atoms that are formed by the transfer or sharing of electrons

A protein derived from angiotensin I in the lungs; stimulates aldosterone release

Self-monitoring of the bodys response to physical activity based on changes in heart rate, breating rate, sweating, and muscle fatigue

A water-soluble compound used by the body to synthesize acetylcholine (a neuro transmitter) and a variety of phospholipids needed for cell membrane structure; considered a conditionally essential nutrient

A protein hormone produced by cattle and used in the dairy industry to enhance milk production

The form of vitamin D found in plant foods and vitamin D fortified foods

proteind that assist in the transport of glucose moleculed across cell membranes

A bacterium residing in the GI tract that causes peptic ulcers

Maximum volume of oxygen that can be delivered to tissues per unit of time

an enzyme produced in the salivary glands that hydrolyzes ester bonds between fatty acids and glycerol molecules

Exocrine cells within the gastric mucosa that secrete Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

Phenomenon in which ccertain ocean algae grow profusely, causing reddish discoloration of the water

A clotting factor (protein) that is converted to the enzyme thrombin

A federally funded program that assists families in making nutritious food purchases in a targeted at risk population

An autoimmune response to the protein gluten that damages the absorbtive surface of the small intestine; also called gluten sensitive enteropathy

A metabolic reaction in which a bicarbonate subunit (HCO3) is added to a molecule

The breakdown of liver and muscle glycogen into glucose

A rating system used to categorize foods that takes into account the glycemic index as well as the amount of carbohydrate typically found in a single serving of the food

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester bonds that attach fatty acids to the glycerol molecule; mobilizes fatty acids from adippose tissue

A food that is either an incomplete protein source or one that has low amino acid bioavailability

A major mineral needed for stabalizing enzymes and ATP and as a cofactor for many enzymes

A major mineral needed for cell membranes, bone and tooth structure, DNA, RNA, ATP, lipid transport and a variety of reactions in the body that require phosphorylation

Chemical reactions that take place simultaneously whereby one molecule gives up one or more electrons (is oxidized) while the other molecule recieves one or more electrons (is reduced)

A computerized database that allows access to approximately 11million biomedical journal citations

An energy requiring mechanism whereby a substance moves from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, requiring the assistance of a carrier transport protein

Growth associated with an increase in cell number

The change in blood glucose following ingestion of a specific food

A partial breakdown product formed during amylopectin digestion that contains three to four glucose molecules and an 1-1,6 glycosidic bond

An essential amino acid in the lowest concentration in an incomplete protein source

Condition chatracterized by an abnormal metabolic profile, abdominal body fat, and insulin resitance

An enzyme produced in the pancreas that hydrolyzes fatty acids from phospholipids

Enzyme released from the salivary glands that digests starch by hydrolyzing a 1,4 glycosidic bonds

Blood vessel that transports oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the heart

A protein released by nerve cells that inhibits hunger and or stimulates energy expendature

A series of metabolic reactions that breaks down a complex molecule into simpler ones, often releasing energy in the process

The phenomenon occuring in the United States in which the proportion of elderly individuals in the population is increasing with time

Phenomenon in which study results are influenced by an unintentional alteration of behavior by the study participants

A high-energy compound similar to ATP

medication typically containing estrogen and progesterone, sometimes taken by women after having their ovaries removed or after menopause

A federally developed document that provides overall health objectives for the nation

A pathway used to metabolize alcohol when it is present in large amounts

An often life-threatening condition in ehivh blood flow to some or all of the heart muscle is completely blocked

When an alteration in one variable causes a change in another variable

The form of vitamin D in animal foods and made by the human body

A food safety protocol used to decrease contamination of foods during processing

Dissacharide consisting of two glucose molecules bonded togeher; formed during the chemical breakdown of starch

The outer covering of bone consisting of blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue

a fatty acid that contains only carbon carbon single bonds in its backbone

The division of the cardiovascular system that circulates deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, and oxygenater blood from the lungs back to the heart

Protein defiency accompanied by inadequate intake of protein and often other essential nutrients as well

The amino acid methionine that has been altered to contain selenium instead of sulfur

A group of eicosanoids involved in regulation of blood pressure, there are both omega 3 and 6 prostagladins having somewhat opposite effects

The ability of the circulatory and the respiratory systems to supply oxygen and nutrients to working muscles during sustained physical activity

A non-infectious disease that develops slowly and persists over time

Structure that transports milk from the secretory cells toward the nipple

An irritation or erosion of the mucosal lining in the stomach, duodenum, or esophagus

AN infant who is below the 10th percentile for weight for gestational age at birth

Time shortly before and after conception

A dietary pattern originating from the region surrounding the medeterannean Sea that is related to lower risk for CVD

the process by which cells grow, mature, replicate their DNA, and divide

A hormone, produced by the duodenum, that stimulates the release of enzymes from the pancreas aand stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile

A protein in the enterocyte that regulates zinc absorbtion and elimination

A food preservation process that subjects food to heat to kill bacteria, yeasts, and molds

The first step in protein synthesis in which the cell recieves a signal to produce a protein. Note that this term is also used for a variety of other processes (aside from protein synthesis) within the cell

A substance found in plants and thought to benefit health above and beyond the provision of essential nutrients and energy

Sterol made by plants

Folding of a protein because of weak bonds that form between elements of the amino acid backbone (not R groups)

A phospholipid that contains choline as its polar head group; commonly added to foods as an emulsifying agent

The part of the nervous system made of the brain and spinal cord

A form of chromium taken as an ergogenic aid by some athletes

A condition in which red bood cells are small and light in color due to inadequate hemoglobin synthesis; can be due to B6 defiency

Phosphorous containing compounds often found in the outer coating of a kernel of grain, veggies, and legumes

A federally funded program, formerly the food stamp program that helps low-income households pay for food

Specific type of cells that can be grown in the labratory and used for research purposes

The use of drugs to stop the growth of cancer

A form of thiamin defiency characterized by poor muscle control and paralysis of the eye muscles

A type of S. aureus that is resistant to most antibiotics

Bodily movement that uses skeletal muscles and the expendature of energy

An essential trace mineral that is important for redox reactions, thyroid function, and activation of vitamin C

The response of the central nervous system to sensory stimui, such as smell, sight, and taste, that occurs before food enters the GI tract, characterized by increased GI motility and the release of GI secretions

The ability to perform moderate to vigorous physical activity without undue fatigue and the capability of maintaining such ability throughout life

A muscular movement in the Gi tract that moves the contents back and fourth within a small region, allowing it to mix with GI secretions

A sterol foun in animal foods and made in the body; required for bile acid and steroid hormone synthesis

A drug that does not contain the hormone estrogen but causes estrogen like effects in the body

A non energy requiring mechanism whereby a substance moves from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

A disease in which an alteration in the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin causes red blood cells to become misshapen and decreases the ability of the blood to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

A process by which some carbon carbon double bonds found in PUFAs are converted to carbon carbon single bonds resulting in the prodution of trans fatty acids

A sterol ester made of a cholesterol molecule bonded to a fatty acid via an ester linkage

A human experiment in which the participants do not know to which group they have been assigned

The mathematical ratio ot total blood cholestrol to high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol

Food deprivation for an extended period of time, typically lasting longer than one week

A widely accepted theory suggesting that a hormonal signalling system regulates body weight by makind adjustments in energy intake and expendature

A measure of iron status that reflects the percentage of transferrin that contains iron

Adaptive physiological mechanisms that promote the storage of excess energy during times of food abundance and conserve energy during times of limited food availability