kant

• more time is spent studying rather than living it
• taken us away from our primordial relationship with ourselves and nature
• mutilate our manly virtues, loss of fundamental virtues that need to be practiced
• certain values and talents are valued more than others in society; these people are given the line and share of what society has to offer; create inequalities that can't be justified

romantic vision of human nature, fail to address that sin is a problem, humans make decisions based on preconceived notions and biases

meta (above) and physics (the physical realm) what is it that grounds the material world, what makes the world be what it is. Reason into the formal and material knowledge

to seek out principle of pure will and supreme principle of morality; pure wil is the good will

good through choosing its duty

necessity of action done from necessity of law, doing action for its own sake

act in such a way that your actions can be seen as universal maximums; something that is binding on all rational creatures. If this person acts deceptively, then all can act this way; universe would be in chaos

treat everyone as ends not as means because we are all capable of making laws that we will all follow

we are autonomous (the capacity to give ourselves the law), we create these laws and we follow them, the kingdom of ends, each person is treating each others as ends and we create and follow these laws. it is the union of autonomous people, living under common laws at the end of history.

freedom comes hand in hand with autonomy; autonomy is oriented toward your freedom; freedom for choosing what is the good. automonty is creating laws and following them. Freedom is being self-legislator.

• general will is to the common good
• good will is to duty
• we are sovereigns, when we do our duty we are also making laws

treat others as ends not as means

is it from doing for the sake of duty? is it how you would want everyone else to act?

to be rational; maximize pleasure is irrational

reason gives good will its duty, good will is good when it does its duty, objective end of moral choice is doing one's duty, it is out there for all man to understand and do, not predicated on results and passions

take out feelings and consequences as long as you do your duty; get away from mercenary ethics, away from what's in it for me (like Roussesau). Strict code that allows us to choose how we ought to choose. Way of choosing that takes out any empirical data, acting purely fro one's duty ("ought")

based on experiences, is empricial, it's abour satisfying one's desires. For the ancients, reason is needed to figure out what it means to be happy b/c there is a telos. Take feelings into consideration when we have to choose what is good. Reason help us understand happiness. For Kant, we don't really know what we want, if reason is based on happiness, reason is a wasted function, reason would be too shallow

treat others as ends and not as means, we should see that each of us has capaity to make laws, are rational and treat them accordingly

concerned with results, done for some other purpose, involves consequences

a common that everyone should be happy, we should want everyone to thrive, but it should not come int he way of doing your duty

laws are rationally and inherently just, takes us out of context of human living and history, not taking sin and biases into consideration

will not move towards the kingdom of ends; sets stage for others to not follow their duty, lies becomes justified, les can bloosm into bigger lies