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Classical conditioning
a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
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The Unconditioned Stimulus
is a stimulus that evokes an unconditional response without previous conditioning.
wistle and spray meat poder
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Unconditioned Response
An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stumulus that occurs without previous conditioning
- Dog Salivated with a wistle
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Conditioned Stimulus
A previously neutral stimuls that has through conditioning acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
skared of destist seens little
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Conditioned Response
A learned reaction to condtioned sitmuls that occurs beacuse of previous conditioning
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Extinction
The Gradual Weaking and disaprpearance of a condiotioned response tendency
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Spontaneaous Recvery
is the reapearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus
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Stimulus Generalization
When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.
The more similar the more likely it will occur
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Stimulus Discrimination
occurs when an organism does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
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Higher-order conditioning
is when a conditoned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditoned stimulus
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Reinforcement
occurs when an event following response increases an organism's tendency to make that responser
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Shaping
the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of the desired response
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Primary reinforcers
are events are inherently reinforcing bcuz they satisfy biologinal needs: Food, water, warmth, sex, and affection
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Secondary or condtioned reinforcers
are events that acquire reinforncing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers: Money, good frades, attention, flattery, praise and applause
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Positive Reinforcement
occurs when a respomse is stregthned bcuz it si followed by the presintation of a rewarding stimulus
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Negative Reinforcement
occurs when a respnse is streghtned bcuz it is folloed by the removal of an aversive(unpleasant) stimulus
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Attention
Involves focusing awareness on a narrow range of stimuli or events
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Elaboration
Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
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Short-term Memory
is a limited capacity sotre that can maintain unrehearser information for up to 20 seconds
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Sensory Memory
preserves information in its original sensory form for a brief time, usually only for a fraction of a second
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Long-term Memory
is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
may last weeks, months, or years
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Levels of processing theory
proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes
in order of depth: Structural encoding, phonemic encoding and semacting encoding
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Flashbulb Memories
which are usually vivid and detailed recollectiong of mometous events
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Schema
is an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object of sequence of events
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Repression (motivated forgetting)
keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
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Psychological Test
a standardized measure of a sample of a persons behavior.
- *they measure the individual differences among people
- *they represent samples of a persons behaviour
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Intelligence test
Measure general mental ability and intellectual potential
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Achivement tests
measure previous learning instead of potential
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Standardization
refers to the uniform procedures used in administering and scoring a test
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Percentile Score
Indicates that percentage of peoplewho score at or below the score one has obtained
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Reliability
Regers to the measurement consistency
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Validity
regers to the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure
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Heritability of IQ
around 60%
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Personality Test
Measure various aspects of personality including motives, interests, values, and attitudes
Personality trades
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Alfred Binet
diveresed 1st intelligence test in order to predict the school performance of children
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types of intellegence
- Verbal Intelligence
- Practical Intelligence
- Social INtelligence
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Phonemes
the smallest speech units in a language that can be distiguished perceptually
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The English Language is composed
- of 40-45 phonemes
- corresponding to roughly 26 letters of the alphabet plus several variations
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Morphenes
are the smallest units of meaning in a language
Single meaning
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Syntax
is a system of rules that specify how words can be arranged into phrases and sentences
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Skinner theory language
proposed that children learn language the same way they learn everything else
through imitation, reinforcement, and shaping
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Nativist theory
proposed that humans are equpped with a LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DRIVE- an innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning og language
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Evolutionary theory
Language allows humans to acquire information about the world seconhand
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Linguistic relativity theory
the hypothesis that ones language determines the nature of ones thought
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Trial and Error
involves trying possible solutions sequentially and discarding those that are in error until one works.
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Risky decision theory
involves making choices under conditions of uncertainty
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Subjective Utility
represents what an outcome is personally worth to the individual
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girl interrupted diagnosis
Borderline personality
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Language
consists of symbols that convey meaning and rules for combining these symbols that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messages
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Language is Generative
Meaning a limited number of symbols can be combined in an infinite variety of ways to generate and endless array of meanings
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Problem solving
refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily available
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Levels of processing theory
proposes that deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes
In order of depth: sturctural encoding, phonemic encoding, and semantic encoding
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Hippocampal Region of the Brain
is a key player in long term memory processes
it is oe of the first areas to sustain signigicant damage in the course of Alzheimers disease
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