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What is the half-life of carbon?
5730 years
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What is the oldest range of carbon 14 dating?
75,000 years
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How many years ago was the cretaceous period ending?
65 million years ago
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What percent of bubbles are on the surface?
5%
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If the primordial soup is flawed why does the bubble model work?
The water absorbs the ultraviolet light is absorbed by water allowing the five chemicals to bond to the bubble.
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Why are microspheres like cells?
They have a permeable membrane, they have a lipid bilayer, and could store and release energy.
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What was the first replicating molecule?
RNA
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Why do they think RNA was the first replicating molecule?
Because it only had one strand, it was more simple.
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What was the first photosynthetic bacteria?
Algae
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What happended first when photosynthesis created oxygen?
Oxygen mixed with iron, forming iron oxide. This turned the ocean brown. It "rusted" the ocean.
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When was the first mass extinction?
When oxygen became present.
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Where can you find descendants aerobic descendants?
At Waller Park in and under the mud.
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Scientist who specialize in the study of fossils are called:
a) biologists
b) paleontologists
c) zoologists
d) anthropologists
b) paleontologists
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Sedimentary rocks form when layers of small particles are compressed:
D) under water
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Earth's first atmosphere contained little or no:
A) oxygen
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In Miller's exeriment with the origin of life-forms, electric sparks were passed through a mixture of gases to:
B) stimulate lightning
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Outlines of ancient cells that are preserved well enough to identify them as prokaryotes are:
A) microfossil
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What are the four eras?
Precambrian, paleozoic, mesozoic, and cenozoic (present)
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The endosymbiotic theory includes all of the following except:
A) Aerobic prokaryotes evolved into mtochondria
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What does the fossil record provide?
- 1) Evidence about the history of life on Earth
- 2) How different the groups of organisms have changed over time
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What are the two methods paleontologists use for finding the age of fossils?
Relative dating and Radioactive dating
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What is radioactive dating?
Radioactive elements decay into nonradioactive elements at a steady rate which indicates the age allowing scientists to assign absolute age.
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Once an organism dies, what happens to the carbon-14?
It begins to decay to form nitrogen.
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What is the most common isotope?
Carbon-12, it is not radioactive and does not decay. When comparing C-14 and C-12 scientist can detrmine when the organism lived.
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What is a geological time scale?
A scale used by paleontologists to represent evolutionary times.
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How did Earth form?
Scientist hypothesize that cosmic debris was attracted to one another over about 100 million years
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What forms the planets core?
The most dense elements.
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What forms the surface and atmosphere?
Moderately dense elements form surface and the least dense elements (hydrogen and nitrogen) formed the atmosphere.
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Life on Earth is hypothesized into three theories...what are they?
Divine creation, Spontaneous origin, and extraterrestrial origin.
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Why can't divine creation be explained?
It can not be tested using a scientific method so it falls on the outside realm of science.
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In spontaneous origin, scientist think life on Earth developednby...?
Natural chemcal and physical processes
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Changes that increased the stability of cartain molecules wpuld have allowed what?
Molecules to persist for a longer time
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Molecules that could be replicatd would have become what?
More common than those that could not.
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Nonliving matter (methane, ammonia....)-chemical reactions (AA,FA, HC)-simple organic matter- chemical reactions- self-replicating molecules- origin of life ????- organisms
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In Oparin's Primordial Soup model, how were chemical reactions supposedly started?
Volcanic eruptions, solar radiation, and lightning
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Who tested Oparin's model?
Stanley Miller
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What is our Earth's main gases and what are their percentages?
Nitrogen 79.9% ; Oxygen 20%
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Who created the bubble model?
Louis Lerman
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Is water polar or non-polar?
Polar
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What is the Big Bang Theory?
The theory that there was a gigantic explosion with los of cosmic debris (gases: nitrogen) and that the universe formed.
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What are three main points to know about the Big Bang theory?
It happened 15 billion years ago. Earth is still expanding. It had gas and debris.
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What supposedly formed first in the Big Bang theory?
The sun, then the cloud became oval, and then the earth and other planets formed.
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