chapter 19

What are the characteristics of Iberian society?

Name practices that were extended to the Americas as a result of Portuguese commercial and colonial experience elsewhere.

What practice was originally part of Columbus's plans for the administration of the New World discoveries?

Encomiendas were

What man was an advocate of Indian rights?

The tremendous decline of the Indian population was matched by the rapid increase in

When the encomienda system began to fail, the Spanish government

The Spanish commercial system with the Latin American colonies was organized around

The greatest concentration of mercury was found at

Make statements concerning the agricultural system of Spanish America.

Make a statement concerning the organization of trade with the Americas.

In 1494 Spain and Portugal clarified the boundaries of their colonial possessions in the

In its final form, the Spanish colonial government in Latin America was divided at first into two and later into four

In contrast to the Spanish colonies, Brazil's economy was initially devoted to

By the end of the 17th century, slaves comprised approximately what proportion of the Brazilian population?

Make a statement concerning the Brazilian economy

The patriarchal family was readily adapted to Latin America where large estates and grants of Indian laborers or __________ provided the framework for relations based on economic dominance.

After Columbus's original voyage in 1492, a return expedition the next year included colonists who established a colony on the island of __________.

The Dominican friar __________ initiated the struggle for justice for Native Americans in Spanish colonies.

In 1519 __________ led an expedition of some 600 men to the coast of Mexico.

The Aztec emperor __________ was made a captive by Spanish invaders and then killed.

__________ was built by the Spaniards on the ruins of Tenochtitlan as the capital of New Spain.

In 1532 __________ led his men to the conquest of the Inca empire.

Unlike the Spaniards in Mexico, when the Inca capital of Cuxco fell in 1533, the conquerors built their new capital of __________ closer to the coast.

Searching for the mythical cities of gold, __________ penetrated today's southwestern United States from 1540 to 1542.

________ conquered the Araucanian Indians of central Chile and set up the city of Santiago in 1541.

__________ were holders of grants of Indian labor who could use the Indians as workers or tax them.

In the sixteenth century the encomienda was gradually replaced by the __________, a system of labor drafts.

The discovery of a mountain of mercury at __________ in Peru aided American silver production.

Rural estates or __________ producing primarily for consumers in America became the basis of wealth and power for the local aristocracy in many regions.

The treasure fleets of Spain were made possible by the development of large, heavily armed ships called __________.

The Treaty of __________ signed in 1494 by Spain and Portugal clarified the spheres of influence of the two nations.

The Spanish empire became a great bureaucratic system built on a juridicial core and staffed to a large extent by __________.

The body of laws for the Indies was so large and varied that it took almost a century to complete a great law code, the __________.

The king of Spain ruled through a __________ that issued the laws and advised him on all matters dealing with the American colonies.

Within the Indies, Spain created two __________ in the sixteenth century, one based on Mexico City and the other on Lima.

The first official Portuguese landfall on the South American coast took place in 1500 when __________ stopped briefly on the Brazilian shore.

Minor Portuguese nobles were given strips of land along the coast called __________ to colonize and develop.

__________, hardy backwoodsmen from Sao Paulo, had been exploring the interior of Brazil, capturing Indians, and searching for precious metals.

In 1695 gold strikes were made in Brazil in the mountainous region that came to be called __________.

__________, the port closest to the mines of Minas Gerais, became capital of Brazil in 1763.

Peoples of mixed origins were called the __________, and they constituted a large and troublesome population that was relegated to secondary status.

__________ were people of Spanish blood who had been born in the New World.

__________, moved by economic nationalism and a desire for strong centralized government, instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its empire.

__________ spent six years in Mexico before returning to Spain to become Minister of the Indies and chief architect of reforms.

The Bourbon reforms were paralleled in the Portuguese world during the administration of the __________, Portugal's authoritarian prime minister.

In New Granada popular complaints against the government's control of tobacco and liquor led to the widespread __________ revolt in 1781.

In Peru a great Indian uprising took place under the leadership of Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui, __________.