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Which kidney is lower than the other and why?
the right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to liver placement
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What percentage of total mass of the kidney is needed for survival?
only 25% of the total mass of the kidney is needed for survival
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List the functions of the kidneys
they remove metabolic waste material from the blood in the form of urine
the kidneys keep body fluids in proper consistency and composition
they regulate acid/base ratio in blood and body
regulate blood volume
increase blood pressure at anytime of system shock
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FYI
regarding structure
approximate location of the kidneys
amount of blood being filtered
amont of urine produced
when sliced, the kidney will show structures that can be readily identified
the kidneys are approximately located by the paired set of the #12 ribs
about 150-180 liters (45 gallons) of blood are filtered by the kidneys in 24 hrs
1-1.8 liters of urine is produced (about 1 mL/min)
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As far as gross structure is concerned, what shape do kidneys have?
bean shape
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Perirenal fat pad
adipose tissue surrounding renal capsule
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Renal capsule
transparent fibrous membrane closely attached to the surface of the kidney
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Cortex
outer portion of the kidney
paler in color when compared to the medulla
contains most of the microscopic tubule
contains blood supply
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Medulla
inner portion of the kidney
darker in color when compared to the cortex
contains the renal pyramids which are separated by columns of Bertini/renal columns
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Calyx
cup-like cavities
these receive the renal pyramids
they open into the renal pelvis
plural word for them is calyces
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Renal pelvis
all of the calyces joined together
located in the renal sinus
the expanded beginning of the vreter in the medial portion of the kidney
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Hilum
indentation of tissue on the medial border where the vessels enter the structure
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Tubules
thousands of microscopic tubes
they collect the urine by filtration
after filtration they transport it to the collecting ducts
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Nephron
this is the functional unit pattern
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List all of the nephron components
glomerular
proximal tubule
loop of henle (nephronic loop)
distal tube
renal artery and vein (blood supply)
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Glamerulus
capillary network where filtration takes place in the blood
coiled tuft of capillaries
these are found inside of Bowman's capsule
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Bowman's capsule
double wall chamber surrounding the glomerulus
located in the cortex
lined with podocytes which assist with urine filtration
looks like an onion
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Ureters
paired tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
10-12 inches in length
1/4 inch in diameter
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What is the function of the ureters?
Through what movement do they function?
they are a passageway for urine to move from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
they functions via peristalsis
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Where are the ureters located?
they are a continuation of the renal pelvis
they terminate in the posterior surface of the urinary bladder
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List the three layers that make up the ureters
epithelium
muscularis
fibrous connective
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What is the purpose of the epithelium layer in the ureter?
Is it the inner, middle or outer layer?
What shape are the cells found in it?
to lubricate
it is the inner layer of mucous membrane
transitional cells: columnar to flat
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What is the purpose of the muscularis layer in the ureter?
Is it the inner, middle or outer layer?
to help with the perastaltic movement
it is the middle layer of smooth muscle
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What is the purpose of the fibrous connective layer of the ureter?
Is it the inner, middle or outer layer?
to help with support
it is the outer layer
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What is lithotripsy?
A treatment, typically using ultrasound shock waves, by which a kidney stone or other calculus is broken into small particles that can be passed out by the body
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Urinary bladder
pyramid in shape
a hollow muscular organ
it acts as a resevoir for urine
it has three openings
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What is the maximum storage capacity of the urinary bladder?
What is the normal output of urine in a 24 hour period?
up to 1,000 ml or urine
1-2 liters
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Where is the urinary bladder located?
it is posterior to the pubic symphysis
freely moveable
held in position by the peritoneum and fascia
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List the three openings of the urinary bladder
ureters
urethra
trigone
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Ureters as an opening to the urinary bladder
two flap openings mdae of mucosa folds
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Urethra as an opening to the urinary bladder
it is guarded by internal and external sphincter muslces
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Trigone as an opening to the urinary bladder
area of bladder going into the urethra
it does not contain rugae
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List the three layers that make up the urinary bladder
epithelium
muscularis
serous
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The epithelium layer in the urinary bladder is made up of?
Is it the inner, middle or outer layer?
What shape are the cells found in it?
mucous
inner
transitional cells: columnar to flat
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The muscularis layer urinary bladder is made up of?
Is it the inner, middle or outer layer?
smooth mucle
middle (?)
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What is the third layer (not epithelium or muscularis) of the urinary bladder composed of?
Is it the inner, middle or outer layer?
What does it attach to?
serous
outer
it attaches to the reritoneum
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Urethra
a tube or duct which carries urine out of the body
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How long is the urethra in males?
List the two component layers
about 8 inches in length
inner mucous layer and submucous layer
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How long is the urethra in females?
List the three component layers
about 1.5 inches in length
inner mucous layer, submucous layer, outer muscular layer
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What is the function of the urethra in males?
it is a passageway for urine and semen from the reproductive system
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What is the function of the urethra in females?
is it a passageway for urine
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In males, where is the urethra located?
from the urinary bladder to the head of the penis
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In females, where is the urethra located?
from the urinary bladder to the vulva (outside opening)
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Urination
act of expelling urine from the bladder
aka voiding
aka micturition
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Excretion
elimination of waste products from the body
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Excreta
waste products
substances excreted
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Reasbsorption
solutes being replaced back into the tubule
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Components of the male reproductive system
testes
epididymis
ductus deferens
spermatic cord
seminal vesicles
ejaculatory ducts
urethra
prostate gland
external genitalia
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What is the function of the testes?
to produce spermatozoa
to produce hormone: testosterone
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Where are the testes located?
What are they suspended by?
in the scrotum
suspended by the spermatic cord
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Tunica albuginea
this is fibrous connective tissue
it surrounds each testis
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Seminiferous tubules
this is germinating tissue
it produces spermatozoa and hormones
1 to 4 tubules located in each lobule
lobules are found throughout the testis
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Rete testis
network of tubules carrying sperm from the seminiferous tubules into the epididymis
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Spermatogenesis
production of spermatozoa
exocrine
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Hormone production in the testes
testosterone
secondary male sex characteristic
endocrine through the interstitial cells of the testes (cells of Leydig)
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Epididymis
first part of the male duct system
about 20 feet long if uncoiled
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Where is the epidydymis located?
it is superiorly, then posterior and lateral aspect of each testicle
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What is the function of the epididymis?
it stores and matures spermatozoa
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About how long do sperm take to move through the epididymis?
about 20 days
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Ductus deferens
a tube or duct
aka seminal ducts
aka vas deferens
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What is the function of the ductus deferens?
How is this function achieved?
it is a passageway for sperm to the urethra
through peristaltic movement
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Where is the ductus deferens located?
in the spermatic cord
from the epididymis upward into the pelvic cavity to the urethra at the prostate gland
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List the three contents of the spermatic cord
________________ bundle
________________ tissue
Seminal ________/ductus deferens
vascular
connective
duct
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What does the vascular bundle found in the spermatic cord contain?
arteries, _________, lymphatic vessels, and __________
veins, nerves
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Seminal vesicles
paired structure located at the base of the urinary bladder
joins ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct
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What do the seminal vesicles produce and what percentage?
they produce fluid volume of semen
about 60% of it
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List what the seminal vesicles secrete and why:
Sugar, vitamin _, and other subtances
for _________ and nourishment of sperm
C
motility
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Ejaculatory ducts
these discharge semen into the urethra at the prostate gland
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Urethra: contains three divisions
pro______
membranous
pen___ (spongy)
prostatic
penile
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Where is the urethra located?
from the base of the urinary bladder to the head of the penis
this is the terminal part of the male duct system
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What is the function of the urethra?
it is a dual passageway for urine and reproductive fluid (semen)
urination
ejaculation
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Can urination and ejaculation occur at the same time in males?
never! unless there is a pathological reason for it :P
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Prostate gland
glandular tissue to produce prostate fluid
conical body about the size of a chestnut
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Where is the prostate gland located?
inferior to the urinary bladder surrounding its neck and the first division of the urethra
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What is the function of the prostate gland?
to produce alkaline prostate fluid which is part of the semen
it assists in the motility of sperm
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Bulbourethral glands
they are the size of a pea
they assist in the production of alkaline fluid to clean the male urethra and female vagina prior to sperm release
formerly called Cowper's gland
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Scrotum
pouch-like structure contains testes
osched (root word)
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Where is the scrotum located?
behind the penis
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Penis
spongy tissue/cavernous tissue called erectile tissue
it fills with blood during erection
priapus (old term)
aka phallus
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Where is the penis located?
it is suspended from the front and sides of the pelvic arch
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What is the function of the penis?
male organ of copulation
carries urine out of the body
carries semen out of the body
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So...again, can urine and semen come out of the penis at the same time?
eww, no :P
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Ovaries
oval in shape
size of an almond
the graafian follicle, corpus luteum and follicular are found here
paired organs
aka female gonads
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Where are the ovaries located?
upper pelvic cavity
either side of the uterus
attached to the lateral walls of the pelvis by suspensory ligaments
- attached to the uterus by ovarian ligaments
- anteriorly held by broad ligament of the peritoneum
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Graafian follicle
vesicle-like space where ova develop
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Corpus luteum
normal ruptured follicle formed after ovulation
leaves scar
produces hormones
normal degenerates
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Follicular
most common form
failure of the graafian follicle to rupture
ovum degenerates forming fluid into follicle forming cyst
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What is the function of the ovaries?
oogenesis
hormone production
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Oogenesis
development of oocyte
aka ova
aka gametes
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How many oocytes will develop in reproductive lifetime?
The number produced is more than necessary (exocrine)
350-500 (yikes!!)
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List the hormones produced in the ovaries
estrogen
progesterone
relaxin (endocrine)
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