Unit 5 (PACS)

Name required amounts of storage for CR, DM, and CT:

the increased need for storage for digital modalities such as cath lab,MRI, and ultrasound have produced what is referred to as:

list five basic capabilities required of PACS:

a network-based central server used for interfacing, image storage, and data acquisition of images produced by a myriad of radiology modalities that exist in hospitals today

PACS allows for images acquired from a patient to be:

who introduced the term 'digital radiography' and when?

who introduced the idea of digital image communication and when?

from 1982 to 2002 several conferences revolutionized the concept of:

who categorized PACS into five models based on how they work and what are the five models?

which model of PACS is developed by a radiology department and hospital and is based on technical components from various manufacturers to meet the needs of the hospital

which model of PACS allows for individuals inside and outside the hospital to have a say; implemented by manufacturers to meet the needs of both parties involved?

which model of PACS did manufacturers create to provide the needs of all involved, such as the radiologic technologists, radiologists, biomedical engineers, medical physicists, and other IT staff?

which model of PACS is the one where the manufacturer and the hospital work together to provide optimum performance and integrity of the system by training individuals, upgrading, and general system maintenance?

which model of PACS provides all IT requirements, relieving clients of this responsibility?

the purpose of ________ is to ensure that all digital imaging systems and information systems from different vendors can communicate with each other using communication standards to integrate all patient clinical information for the purpose of viewing such information collectively.

name the two main communication protocol standards and the specific type of data they cover:

Mini-PACS are connected to a storage server and viewing workstation via:

for an imaging modality to be part of PACS, it must be _______ in nature.

_______________ represents the first stage at which data and images are entered into PACS ( errors at this point can have an adverse effect on clinical operations)

two types of digital image acquisition include:

a type of digital image acquisition in which the image data is obtained from the receptor in digital format:

a type of digital image acquisition in which the analog signal from the receptor requires digitization:

give two examples of inherently digital image acquisition and one example of frame grabber digital image acquisition:

____________ are described in terms of matrix size, inherent spatial resolution, bit depth, number of slices, study sizes, and overall image quality.

_______________ is any number of computers connected to each other with the ability to exchange data.

name four main connection types that allow for the exchange of data in radiology:

what type of computer network connects computers that are separated by short distances such as in the radiology department, the building or two or more buildings?

give two examples of the connections used in (LAN):

what type of computer network connects computers that are separated by large distances, such as in another state or country?

give two examples of WAN that allow for connections to take place, and with what?

name three types of network topologies or layouts for LAN:

the term ________ refers to a point in a network topology or layout at which lines intersect or branch.

connections among the nodes of a network topology or layout are called:

______ and ________ play an important role in sending packets and ensuring they get to the correct destination computer

the data transfer rate of the network is referred to as the:

__________ ___________ play a key role in ensuring that hardware and software execute communication protocols.

_________ ___________ allows for the connection between hardware components of PACS and the associated information systems (HIS/RIS).

name two PACS protocols:

which PACS protocol divides information to be transferred into packets?

computer networks often include a dedicated computer within the network that is capable of providing various services such as:

a computer system that provides essential services across a network, to private users inside a large organization, or to public users and the internet:

a network based on CP/IP and is used within a single organization:

a network used within the radiology department that is classified according to its data transfer rate, among other things:

a major security feature that is a router, a computer, or even a small network containing routes and computers that are used to connect two networks to provide security:

what is referred to as the heart of the system, consists of a "high-end" computer or server, and works as a database server and archive system?

give three alternate names for the PACS Main Computer:

________ and ________ play a big role in storage requirements and the speed to transmission of data over the network.

various types of storage technologies include (5):

_________ storage cannot be removed and provides immediate access to images within seconds

give an example of online storage:

________ storage is removable with long image retrieval time.

give an example of nearline storage:

____________ and ________________ are the current storage technologies for PACS.

one popular storage technology used in PACS is the:

tape that is intended for long-term storage of images:

__________ storage must be retrieved by an individual and loaded into a drive for access to images.

name two advantages of off-line storage:

two purposes of image compression:

name two types of image compression and their characteristics:

What is DICOM's present compression method?

JPEG 2000 uses ________ in an effort to decrease the compressed image size and enhance image quality

the ratio between computer storage required to save the original image and that of the compressed image:

as the compression ratio increases, _______ storage space is required and _______ transmission speeds are possible, but at the expense of the _________ __________ ________.

image quality is maintained so that image visibility is still acceptable at what compression ratios?

the maximum compression in which the decompressed images are acceptable for interpretation anesthetics:

what is the name of the workstation that consists of hardware and software to facilitate the display of digital images for diagnostic interpretation and review purposes?

what are the two types of display in the Display and Analysis Workstation?

name some generic hardware components of a PACS workstation (8):

what are the four types of workstations available in a PACS environment?

who uses each of the four types of workstations available in PACS?

within what amount of time must PACS workstations be capable of retrieving and displaying images?

__________ workstations allow for more than one task to be done at the same time. for example, retrieval of images while interpreting another study.

name some types of navigational functions (9):

what are the most commonly used image manipulation functions?

name some image manipulation functions (9):

name some image management functions (5):

name some image processing functions (6):

the science and art of design that considers not only the physical aspects of the persons using the system but also their mental capabilities in order to reduce unnecessary effort for those using the machine and mistakes that could be made as a result:

what is usually considered to be the ultimate goal with PACS?

laser printers are available in two categories:

PACS is concerned primarily with ______ data while RIS is concerned with ______ data.

a device that is needed to translate and allow for PACS and RIS to communicate:

allows users to access images remotely using internet browser technology and microcomputers that allow access from within and outside the institution:

the _________ provides an organized checklist of events to occur with patients and their information (text or image) as they migrate throughout the healthcare facility.

describe, in order, the sequence of events in a typical workflow (9):

name other information about the patient besides image communication on PACS (3):

a computer-based system that processes data to produce information in a form that can be understood by people using the system in order to solve problems:

what are the five information systems in our radiology department?

HIS gathers textual data about the patient from what areas, to name a few (6)?

name some functions performed within RIS (5):

name the two types of RIS/HIS integration schemes available:

between the broker and brokerless integration schemes available, which is the preferred method?

two standards that have become popular and common place are:

______ is the framework which will assist HL-7 and DICOM in becoming commonplace

specifies a non-proprietary data interchange format and transfer protocol for biomedical images, waveforms, and related information:

DICOM is a ____________ ___________ that provides compatibility between digital imaging systems.

what two organizations developed DICOM?

DICOM is made up of _____ parts, with each part dealing with a specific process.

the types of data to be moved around the network and the data format are referred to as:

name seven DICOM services common to PACS:

with very basic setups of DICOM there are what two devices?

name three key elements of DICOM:

name two problems not addressed by the two communications standards (DICOM and HL-7):

IHE is a standards-based initiative of what two organizations?

the major role of _______ is to facilitate communications between various computer-based healthcare information systems and imaging modality and PACS vendors through the integrated use of DICOM and HL-7

in the IHE technical framework, what are three components that help to accomplish the facilitation of communications?

a remote access to radiology images and reports:

name four technologies involved with enterprise-wide image distribution:

name the two branches of the government that are responsible for regulating PACS:

PACS is considered one of the five new classifications for _____________________ set by the FDA.

what became the law in the United States in an effort to reform healthcare by addressing several objectives relating to the protection of the patient's health information, standards for such information, fraud and abuse of such information, and so forth?

the acquisition, processing, storage, and transmission of vocal, pictorial, textual, and numeric information by microelectronics, computers, and telecommunications:

who can be a PACS administrator?

some job responsibilities of a PACS administrator (10):

an independent organization that is developing skills set for a PACS administrator and providing an access to certification examinations:

what are the three types of certificates offered by PARCA?