test 4

The passing of traits from a parent to offspring - traits are controlled by genes

Different forms a gene may have for a trait - small nose or big nose

The study of how alleles affect generations of offspring

A heritable feature that varies among individuals, like flower color

A variant of a character, like purple or white flowers

Varieties for which self-fertilization produced offspring all produced offspring all identical to the parent

Offspring of two different true-breeding varieties

The cross-fertilization itself

The parental plants

the hybrid offspring of the P generation

offspring of the F₁ generation plants - self fertilize or fertilize eachother

Genetic trait which will manifest when only one copy of the gene is present, overriding another inherited gene coding for a different version of the trait

This type of trait is expressed in the heterozygous

Will only appear if an organism inherits a copy of the gene from both parents

This trait is expressed in the heterozygous

The genetic material on the chromosome

Genes that occur at the same place on homologous chromosomes

Is the alternate form of a gene - each trait is controlled by two of these

Traits may be controlled by 2 alleles that are either the ____ or ______

An organism that has two identical allleles for a gene

An organism that has two different alleles for a gene

Determines the organisms appearance; masks or hides the recessive gene - T

Has no noticable effect on the organisms appearance, masked by dominant alleles - t

An organisms physical traits

The genetic makeup

Different characteristics in organisms result from two genetic elements (alleles that seperate in gamete formation, such that each gamete gets only one of the two alleles

During gamete formation, gene pairs assort independently of one another

Diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment

The cross between two parents that are true breeding varieties for one trait

Determines if the dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous.

Cross between a dominant phenotype and a recessive phenotype

When an autosome is any chromosome other than xy

Heterozygous individual with no apparent abnormalities

When an individual only needs to get the abnormal gene from one parent in order for them to inherit the disease

Offspring show traits between parents phnotype - blend

when one gene effects many traits

Multiple Allele - share - 3 or more

Example of Codominance -

During ____ both genes are expressed equally

Many genes acting together - one trait is governed by two or more alleles

Example of Polygenic Inheritence

Non-sex chromosomes - same number and type in each sex

How many autosomes do both men and women have

Female xx and Male are xy

How many sex chromosomes do both men and women have

Any gene located on the x chromosome

What is the reason for the red and white snap dragons blending to create pink snap dragons?

What is the reason for a person being color blind?

9-3-3-1

Mendels first set of offspring in the F₁ group were:

Mendels second set of offspring in the F₂ group were:

A=

G=

Building blocks of DNA

An enzyme that unwinds the DNA strand

An enzyme that assembles DNA nucleotides into polynucleotides using a preexisting strand of DNA as a tempalte - synthesized in a 5' - 3' direction

An enzyme that seals any breaks in the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone

produced in the nucleus, during a process called transcription

Carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protien synthesis occurs

Type of RNA produced in the nucleus

Transfers amino acids present in the cytoplasm to the ribosomes where the amino acids are joined to form a protein in a process called translation

produced in the nucleolus of a nucleus

Type of RNA that joins with protiens made in the cytoplasm to form the subunits of Ribosomes

RNA Bases:

DNA bases:

Helper to DNA that allows protien synthesis to occur accroding to the genetic information that DNA provides

Defines a mapping between a trinucleotide sequence that are called codones and amino acids

Nucleotide =

Codon or Amino Acid =

Polypeptide=

There are ____ amino acids

Start codon is always

A change in the sequence of the bases

Environmental influences that cause mutations

A change in a single DNA nucleotide

Caused by an extra or missing nucleotide in a DNA sequence

Insertion or deletion of a base - changes every base thereafter

Most mutations come about through this type of cells and they are not passed on

Disease can be passed on throught this type of cell

Step that DNA is copied onto RNA

Step that protiens are made during

Adenine and Guanine are

Thymine and Cytosine are