-
antibiotics can broken into 2 spectrums
broad and narrow
-
which bacteria is more dangerous, gram negative or gram positive?
- gram negative
- pts often get worse before they get better
- hard outer wall of gram negatives release toxins when ruptured
-
allergies and antibiotics
- allergic reactions are common
- repeated exposure sensitizes bodies defense mechanisms
- may cause mild rash or more severe reacations
-
Name the groups of antibiotics
- penicillin
- cephalosporin
- tetracycline
- macrolide
- quinolone
- sulfonamide
-
Which antibiotic agent was the first one discovered?
- penicillin
- mulitiple variations avaliable now... G variations and V
-
Semisynthetic pencillin
- broader spectrum
- greater effectiveness with oral administration
-
side effects of using penicillins
- abdominal cramping and diarrhea
- monilia (candida) overgrowth may cause oral thrush as well as vaginal and perineal infection
-
penicillin G
- combats syphilis
- must be injected IM
- useful for respiratory infections
- prophylaxis against group B strep
-
penicillin V
- derivative of penicillin g
- can be taken orally
- respiratory infections
- cutaneous anthrax
- gingivitis
- prevents rheumatic fever
-
if you are allergic to penicillin which antibiotic are you likely to be allergic to as well?
cephalosporin
-
cephalosporin
- developed from mold
- interferes with bacteria cell wall formation
- cross-sensitivity associated with penicillin (25% chance)
- can cause GI upset and skin rash
- as generations increase they become more effective against gram negative bacteria
-
which generation of cephalosporin is more effective against gram negative bacteria, first-generation or fourth-generation?
fourth-generation
-
tetracycline agents
- broad spectrum
- usually given orally
- effective against repiratory and soft tissue infections
- treats rickettsia
- treats chlamydia
- treats mycoplasma infections
- treats lyme diseas and rocky mountain spotted fever
-
which antibiotic generic ends in "cycline"
tetracycline agents
-
Why should tetracycline agents not be given to pregnant women and children younger than 8?
tooth discoloration
-
Name the antibiotic given to a pt with a pencillin allergy
erythromycin (macrolide)
-
erythromycin/macrolide
- bacteriostatic
- narrow spectrum
- effective against gram postives
- used orally
- treats upper and lower respiratory infections
- usually used for community-acquired pneumonia
- generics end in -mycin
-
quinolone
- bacteriocidal
- given orally
- bacteria quickly develop resistance
- effective against respiratory, GI and STDs
- completely synthetic
- used after older antibiotics are ineffective
- long half-life (beware renal and liver pts)
- more effecitve as serum concentration increases
-
which generic antibiotic ends in -ofloxacin?
quinolones
-
What is a major side effect of many antibiotics?
- hearing loss (ototoxicity)
- ususally happens with aminoglycosides
- those antibiotics reserved for serious infections by gram negatives
-
sulfonamides
- synthetics that resemble a bacterial enzyme (PABA)
- taken orally
- must have adequate fluid intake may form crystals in kidney
- treats uti and haemophilus influenzae
- interferes with digoxin and phenytoin
- may petentiate warfarin and antidiabetic agents
-
antifungal adminstration techniques
- vaginal creams/suppositories
- swish and swallow
- IV
-
-
fungal infections can be life threatening for pts with....
impaired immune systems
-
why are viruses hard to kill?
- they develop an intimate host relationship
- hard to kill virus w/o harming the body
-
antivirals treat...
- hepatitis a, b, c
- flu
- AIDS
- herpes
-
The progression of AIDS and drug-treatment decisions are based on which 2 mechanisms?
-
antivirals usually end in which suffix?
-vir
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