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The primary function of the eyelids is
protection.
-
Which is the primary muscle for closing the eyelids?
Orbicularis Oculi
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The glands of Krause and Wolfring secrete
tears.
-
From where do our tears begin?
Lacrimal gland.
-
The optic nerve passes through the optic foramen in which bone?
Lesser wing of sphenoid.
-
A fossa in a bone is best described as a
depression.
-
Extraocular muscles are named based on
where they attach.
-
The primary action of the medial rectus is
adduction.
-
Which extraocular muscle is innervated by the sixth cranial nerve?
Lateral rectus.
-
Which muscle passes through the trochlear pulley?
Superior oblique.
-
Which muscle has the primary action of rotating the top of the eye outward toward the temple?
Inferior oblique.
-
The formula for remembering which cranial nerves innervate which muscles is
(LR6SO4)3.
-
A muscle that works against another muscle in the same eye is called
an antagonist.
-
How much refractive power (diopters [D]) does the cornea have?
+43.00.
-
Which layer of the cornea acts as a physiological pump?
Endothelium.
-
Where does the sclera get its primary blood supply?
Episclera.
-
In the iris, the longitudinal muscles that go from the edge of the pupil to the base of the iris are called
dilator.
-
The more posterior section of the ciliary body is called the
pars plana.
-
The anterior (forward) termination point of the choroid is called the
ora serrata.
-
The posterior pole refers to the
macula, vortex veins, equator, and disk.
-
The cones that contain the visual pigment erythrolabe are sensitive to the color
red.
-
How many structures make up the visual (afferent) pathway?
Seven.
-
The exact center of the retina is the
fovea centralis.
-
What kind of blind spot (scotoma) does the optic nerve cause in each eye?
Physiological.
-
The second order neuron begins at the ganglion cells of the retina and ends at the
lateral geniculate body.
-
The efferent pupillary pathway, which tells the pupils whether they should get bigger, smaller, or stay the same, begins at the
Edinger-Westphal.
-
"A measure of the resolving power of the visual system" is a definition of visual
acuity.
-
The eye can generally see wavelengths (of light) between 400 and
750 nm.
-
When light rays from a distant object enter an eye that is at rest, and those light rays are brought to a focus beyond the retina, we consider that person to be
hyperopic.
-
What are the results of a VA test of an absolute hyperope?
Decreased distant VA; even worse near VA.
-
Which condition can cause a person to be myopic?
Eye too long.
-
Which prescription is for a compound hyperopic astigmatic patient?
+4.75 -1.00 x 086.
-
A person who has reached an age where he or she can no longer accommodate for near objects is called
a presbyope.
-
What is a primary cue to depth perception?
Stereopsis.
-
The cue to depth perception used when dealing with two-dimensional drawings is
perspective.
-
If rods are more sensitive to light than cones, night vision is poorer than day vision because the
rods give a coarse-grain image.
-
Nyctalopia can be caused by glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, or
vitamin A deficiency.
-
Blepharitis is an infection of the
eyelids.
-
Congenital ptosis is caused by a weakness of the
Levator palpebrae superioris.
-
Orbital cellulitis is also known as
ethmoiditis.
-
Preseptal cellulitis is located
anterior to the tarsal plate.
-
Epiphora is defined as
overproduction of tears.
-
What describes how persistent and quick an organism spreads?
Virulence.
-
What shape describes a bacilli bacterium?
Rod.
-
Which bacterium is responsible for neonatal conjunctivitis?
Gonococcus.
-
Which bacterium is frequently found in contaminated fluorescein solutions, saline, and contact lens solutions?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
-
How long does the adenovirus remain contagious?
10 to 12 days.
-
How is HIV transmitted?
Coming into contact with the blood of an infected person.
-
Which type of conjunctivitis is characterized by a stringy discharge?
Allergic.
-
Which fungus targets immunosuppressed and hospitalized patients?
Candidiasis.
-
A subconjunctival hemorrhage is created when blood is trapped between the
conjunctiva and sclera.
-
What describes a thickening of the conjunctiva?
Pinguecula.
-
Which condition causes dendrites?
Herpetic keratitis.
-
What describes keratoconus?
Thinning of the cornea.
-
Which benign tumor can cause chronic conjunctivitis and is usually treated by surgical removal?
Molluscum contagiosum.
-
Squamous cell carcinomas metastasize via which system?
Lymphatic.
-
Which term refers to the iris coming in contact with the crystalline lens or cornea?
Synechia.
-
Which symptom describes retinitis pigmentosa?
Early signs include loss of night vision.
-
During which stage of diabetic retinopathy is pan retinal photocoagulation first considered as a viable treatment?
2, preproliferative.
-
Which condition causes the most rapid loss of vision and suffocates the retina?
Central retinal artery occlusion.
-
A degenerative condition in which tiny, opaque, calcium deposits get suspended in vitreous best describes
asteroid hyalosis.
-
Which phrase best describes the reason for opacification when a cataract occurs?
Protein clumping within the lens.
-
Cataracts are removed by
intracapsular, extracapsular, and phacoemulsification.
-
Which internal tumor is often seen as a white pupillary reflex?
Retinoblastoma.
-
The causes of battle field injuries include
mechanical.
-
Which body organ is most sensitive to mustard vapor injury?
Eyes.
-
Which term refers to a thermal burn?
Fire.
-
Irrigation for a chemical burn should be done for at least
30 minutes.
-
Which situation causes snow blindness?
UV radiation.
-
Hyphema refers to blood in which chamber of the eye?
Anterior.
-
Which types of lid lacerations tend to have a less-damaging long-term effect?
Vertical.
-
If a patient complains of eye pain, diplopia, nausea, and limited movement in one eye, the most likely cause is a
blowout fracture.
-
Aqueous pushing fluorescein away from a perforation is known as a
positive Seidel.
-
An ocular migraine is considered to be which type of disorder?
Neurological.
-
The visual hallucinations that usually precede the onset of a migraine headache are called
auras.
-
What is an urgent ocular case that should be seen the same day?
Acute narrow-angle glaucoma.
-
After a chemical is splashed in the eye the patient may suffer from blepharospasm, which is caused by a muscle spasm of the
orbicularis oculi.
-
When irrigating a patient's eye, you irrigate from
nasal to temporal.
-
Incorrect advice to give a patient after applying a pressure patch is
if the patch comes off, replace it immediately.
-
Which term associated with aseptic technique is synonymous with clean technique?
Medical asepsis.
-
Which term describes an infection the patient contracts while receiving health care?
Nosocomial.
-
What is the single most important means of preventing the spread of infection?
Hand washing.
-
When ophthalmic medications are exposed to excessive heat or light, they
oxidize.
-
What are correct methods to increase the penetration or effectiveness of an eye drop?
Increased dosage and frequency.
-
When instilling a drop topically, about how far from the eye should the bottle be kept to avoid contamination, but still allow accurate placement?
1/2".
-
The most effective way to avoid an adverse drug reaction in a patient is to
take a good case history.
-
Which nervous system causes pupil dilation, ciliary muscle relaxation, and heart rate increase when you are alarmed or threatened?
Sympathetic.
-
The most common simple mydriatic is
phenylephrine.
-
Which drug is used for cycloplegic refractions in flying class I and IA examinations?
Cyclopentolate.
-
Which category of medications is the initial drug of choice for lowering intraocular pressure?
Beta-blockers.
-
Which beta-blocker does not affect the beta-2 (pulmonary) receptors' functioning?
Betoptic®.
-
Chronic use of high doses of cholinesterase inhibitors can lead to the formation of
iris cysts.
-
What is a combination of a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and a topical beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent?
COSOPT®.
-
Which hyperosmotic should not be used on diabetic patients?
Glycerin.
-
Which technique is used to paralyze the extraocular muscles behind the globe?
Retrobulbar block.
-
Liquid fluorescein is quite susceptible to contamination by
pseudomonas aeruginosa.
-
Which steroid-antibiotic combination is considered the drug of choice for moderate to severe conditions?
TobraDex®.
-
Which is the correct treatment for the adenovirus?
Let it run its course.
-
Which is the drug of choice for treating systemic fungal infections (e.g., Histoplasma capsulatum and Candida)?
Amphotericin B (Fungizone®).
-
Degenerative eye diseases, like the aging process, are believed to be caused by an excess of
free radicals.
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