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What does not effect the number of platelets being produced?
Age
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What goes to an injured site first?
Platelets
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What is the range of platelets in the body when you have a pt with spontaneous bleeding form everywhere?
40,000 and lower
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What medication can cause platelets to not stick together?
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What is the liquid form of blood?
Plasma
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What is referd to the "clear river"?
Plasma
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What is plasma comprised of:
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What is the protien in plasma?
Albumin
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Where is albumin formed?
The Liver
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How is globulin divided up?
- Alpha
- Beta
- Gamma, most common, are immunoglobulins or antibodies
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What does not usually pass through capillaries?
Plasma protein; Albumin
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What maintains osmotic pressure to retain in the vascular system?
Albumin
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If Albumin is high where can you see signs of this?
- Lower leg Edema
- Ankles
- Legs
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What % of the population has type A blood?
40%
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What % of the population has type B blood?
10%
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What % of the population has type AB blood?
4%
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What % of the population has type O blood?
46%
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How is blood determined?
Heredity
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What does each blood group have on the red cell membrane?
A protein
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Group A has what antigen
A antigen
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Group B has what antigen?
B antigen
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Group AB has what antigen?
has both A & B antigen
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Group O has what antigen?
no antigen
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What type of blood is the universal recipient?
AB
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What blood type is the universal donor?
O
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What does each person have that reacts to these antibodies?
the plasma has the antibodies
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Where is the Rh factor located?
Rh antibodies maybe located on the surface of the RBC
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What does Rh postive mean?
antibodies are persent
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What does Rh negative mean?
antibodies are not present
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What are the characteristics of blood?
-
What is the consistency of blood?
- 45% blood cells
- 55% blood plasma
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What is the pH of blood?
7.35-7.45
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What is the total volume of blood in the body?
10-12 pints
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What is hemostasis?
A body process that arrest the flow of the blood and prevents hemorrhage.
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How many mechinisimsare needed to form a clot?
13 are needed and has to be in the correct amount.
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What steps are involved in an injury?
- injury
- hemorrhage
- grouping platelets
- thromboplastin released
- converts prothrombin to thrombin
- links with fibrin
- trap RBCs and Platelets
- forms clot
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A low ____ can make a body bleed longer.
Ca+
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What is the function of the lymphatic system?
- Maintenance of the fluid balance
- production of lymphocytes
- absorption and transportation of lipids from the inestine to the bloodstream
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what is the lymphatic system comprised of?
- Lymph
- Lymph vessels
- Lymphatic tissues
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What is lymph and lymph vessels?
Lymph is a specialized fluid formed in the tissues spaces transported by way of the lymphatic vessels and reenters the circulatory system
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What do lymph nodes do?
acts as filter, keeping particulate matter such as bacteria from entering the bloodstream.
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Where are lymph nodes located?
next to major blood vessels. can't be felt because they are deep in the skin
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What helps people from becoming septic
lymph nodes
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What are the parts of lymphatic tissue?
- Lymph nodes
- Tonsils
- Spleen
- Thymus
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What do tonsils do?
produce lymphocytes and antibodies; trap bacteria
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What does the spleen do?
Reservoir for blood; forms lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma; destroys worn-out RBCs; removes bacterica by phagocytosis
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What has an extra pint of blood and platelets?
the spleen
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What is the thymus?
immune system before and a few months after birth; atrophies at puberty.
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Can you live without your slpeen?
yes
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What is a CBC?
Complete Blood Count; RBC, H+H, WBC, Plateletes
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What is red cell indices?
- MCV
- MCH
- MCHC; increased production of RBC immature cells so they do not carry O2
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What does a periphearl smear do?
helps tell which kind of anemia the pt has
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What does a schilling test DX?
- DX pernishishes anemia.
- 2 shots IM B12 - 24 hr urine- lab test for vit B12- if greater than 40% B12 not absorb.
- Meaning no intressic factor in the stomach
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waht is megaloblastic anemia profile?
Blood drawl for pernishis anemia
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What is Lymphangiography test?
A scan with injected dye goes to lymph system shows abnormalities of lymph- when pt back increase fluids
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What is a bone marrow aspiration or biopsy done for?
DX anemia lukemia neutropenea thromocytopena- bedside test - timed pulls from posterior iliac crest/sternum. takes sliver on slide
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What is anemia?
disorder characterized by RBC and hemoglobin and hematocrit levels below normal range
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What does anemia cause to the body?
causes delivery of insufficient amounts of O2 to cells and tissues.
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With a DX of anemia what area are you most concered about?
the brain getting O2
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What is the etiology of anemia?
- Types of anemia
- Blood loss
- impaired production of RBCs
- increased destruction of RBCs
- Nutitional deficiencies
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What is the clinical assessment of anemia?
s/s
- Anorexia
- dyspepsia
- Cardiac dilation
- Disoriontation
- SOB
- Dyspnea
- fatigue
- headache
- Level of constousnous
- insomnia
- pallor
- palpitation
- tachycardia- not enough O2 flowing through
- vertigo
- orthosatic hypotention-wait 1 min to move b/w each lying sitting standing
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Do you have enough blood circulating with a DX of anemia?
no
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If a pt has a hbg lower than 8 do you get them up?
no pt on bedrest
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What DX depends on the cause
correction of the disese process may correct or lessen the condition
tx is specific
- anemia TX
- O2
- iv
- bedrest
- keep warm
- ADL ax1
- I&O
- perfusion of kidney- amt Out
- gyaic stools
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What is hypovolemic anemia?
- Abnormally low circulating blood volume due to blood loss
- 500ml loss can cause severe complications
- severity and signs and symptoms depend on how rapid the blood loss is
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What does the S/S point to:
weakness
stupor; irritability
pale; cool, moist skin
hypotension
tachycardia
hypothermia
hbg less than 10g/100ml
hct less than 40%
Hypovolemic anemia
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When a pt is in hypovolemic state what do you do to their legs?
- You elevate lower legs to get blood back to heart
- tramdelemburg
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What are the NI of hypovolemic anemia?
- Control bleeding
- treat shock-O2 elevate lower legs, keep warm
- Replace fluid- blood transfusion, plasma,dextran, Lactated ringers
- monitor vitals
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what is dextran?
Medication for expanding plasma make pt plasma thincker
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What kind of solution is Lactated Ringers?
Isotonic
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