vitamin toxicities.txt

• Anabolism of tissue proteins;
• helps maintain fluid balance;
• energy source;
• formation of immunoglobulins;
• maintenance of acid-base balance;
• important part of enzymes and hormones

• Kwashiorkor-edema;
• reddish pigmentation of hair and skin;
• fatty liver;
• retardation of growth in children;
• diarrhea;
• dermatosis;
• decreased T-cell lymphocytes with increased secondary infections;

• Azotemia;
• acidosis;
• hyperammonemia

Breast milk, infant formula, meat, fish, poultry, egg yolk, cheese, yogurt, legumes

• Major energy source;
• protein sparing;
• necessary for normal fat metabolism;
• glucose is the sole source of energy for the brain;
• many sources also provide dietary fiber

Ketosis

• Concentrated energy source;
• protein sparing;
• insulation for temperature maintenance;
• supplies essential fatty acids;
• carries fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K

• Eczema;
• low growth rate in infants;
• lowered resistance in infection;
• hair loss

• Necessary for the formation of normal bone;
• promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the intestines

• Rickets
• (symptoms:
• - costochondral beading,
• - epiphyseal enlargement,
• - cranial bossing,
• - bowed legs,
• - persistently open anterior fontanelle)

• Abnormally high blood calcium (hypercalcemia),
• retarded growth,
• vomiting,
• nephrocalcinosis

Infant formula, egg yolk, liver, fatty fish, sunlight (activation of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin)

• Preserves integrity of epithelial cells;
• formation of rhodopsin for vision in dim light;
• necessary for wound healing, growth, and normal immune function

• Night blindness,
• dry eyes,
• poor bone growth,
• impaired resistance to infection,
• papillary hyperkeratosis of the skin

• abdominal pain;
• bone pain;
• dry and fissured skin;
• Fatigue;
• headache;
• hypercalcemia
• hyperpigmentation;
• jaundice;
• night sweats;
• retarded growth;
• vertigo;
• vomiting;

Breast milk, infant formula, liver, egg yolk, dark green and deep yellow vegetables and fruits

• May function as an antioxidant in the tissues;
• may have a role as a coenzyme;
• neuromuscular function

Hemolytic anemia in the premature and newborn; hyporeflexia, and spinocerebellar and retinal degeneration

• May interfere with vitamin K activity leading to prolonged clotting and bleeding time; in anemia,
• suppresses the normal hematologic response to iron

Breast milk; infant formula; vegetable oils; liver; egg yolk; butter; green leafy vegetables; whole-grain breads, cereals, and other fortified or enriched grain products; wheat germ

• Catalyzes prothrombin synthesis;
• required in the synthesis of other blood clotting factors;
• synthesis by intestinal bacteria

• Prolonged bleeding and prothrombin time;
• hemorrhagic manifestations (especially in newborns)

• Possible hemolytic anemia;
• hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice)

Infant formula, vegetable oils, green leafy vegetables, pork, liver

• Essential in the synthesis of collagen (thus, strengthens tissues and improves wound healing and resistance to infection);
• iron absorption and transport;
• watersoluble antioxidant;
• functions in folacin metabolism

• Scurvy,
• osmotic diarrhea
• pinpoint peripheral hemorrhages,
• bleeding gums,

• Nausea,
• abdominal cramps,
• diarrhea,
• possible formation of kidney stones

Breast milk, infant formula, fruits (especially citrus fruits, papaya, cantaloupe, strawberries), vegetables (potatoes, cabbage)

• Essential for biosynthesis of nucleic acids and nucleoproteins;
• RBC maturation;
• involved with folate metabolism;
• central nervous system metabolism

• Pernicious anemia;
• neurologic deterioration

Essential in the biosynthesis of nucleic acids; necessary for the normal maturation of red blood cells

Infant formula, breast milk, meat, fish, poultry, cheese, egg yolk, liver

• Poor growth; megaloblastic anemia (concurrent deficiency of vitamin B12 should be suspected);
• impaired cellular immunity

Masking of B12 deficiency symptoms in those with pernicious anemia not receiving cyanocobalamin

Breast milk; infant formula; liver; green leafy vegetables; legumes; whole-grain breads, cereals, and fortified or enriched grain products; legumes; oranges; cantaloupe; lean beef

Aids in the synthesis and breakdown of amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids from essential fatty acids; essential for conversion of tryptophan to niacin; essential for normal growth

• Microcytic anemia;
• convulsions;
• irritability

Sensory neuropathy with progressive ataxia; photosensitivity

Breast milk; infant formula; liver; meat; whole-grain breads, cereals, or other grain products; legumes; potatoes

• Combines with phosphorus to form thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) necessary for metabolism of protein, carbohydrate, and fat;
• essential for growth, normal appetite, digestion, and healthy nerves

• Beriberi,
• edema,
• neuritis,
• cardiac failure

Breast milk; infant formula; lean pork; wheat germ; whole-grain and enriched breads, cereals, and other grain products; legumes; potatoes

• Essential for growth;
• plays enzymatic role in tissue respiration and acts as a transporter of hydrogen ions;
• synthesis of FMN and FAD

• Photophobia,
• cheilosis,
• glossitis,
• corneal vascularization,
• poor growth

Breast milk; infant formula, meat; dairy products; egg yolk; legumes; green vegetables; whole-grain breads, cereals, and fortified or enriched grain products

• Part of the enzyme system for oxidation, energy release;
• necessary for synthesis of glycogen and the synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids

Pellegra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

• Transient due to the vasodilating effects of niacin (does not occur with niacinamide)-flushing, tingling, dizziness, nausea;
• liver abnormalities;
• hyperuricemia;
• decreased LDL and increased HDL cholesterol

Breast milk; infant formula;meat; poultry; fish; whole-grain breads, cereals, and fortified or enriched grain products; egg yolk

• Builds and maintains bones and teeth;
• essential in clotting of blood;
• influences transmission of ions across cell membranes;
• required in nerve transmission

Rickets - abnormal development of bones.

• Excessive calcification of bone;
• calcification of soft tissue;
• hypercalcemia;
• vomiting;
• lethargy

Breast milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese, fortified or enriched grain products, some green leafy vegetables (such as collards, kale mustard greens, and turnip greens), tofu (if made with calcium sulfate), sardines, salmon

• Essential for the formation of hemoglobin and oxygen transport;
• increases resistance to infection;
• functions as part of enzymes involved in tissue respiration.

• Hypochromic microcytic anemia;
• malabsorption;
• irritability;
• anorexia;
• pallor,
• lethargy

• Hemochromatosis;
• hemosiderosis.

Breast milk; infant formula; meat; liver; legumes; wholegrain breads, cereals, or fortified or enriched grain products; and dark green vegetables

Component of many enzyme systems and insulin

• Decreased wound healing,
• hypogonadism,
• mild anemia,
• decreased taste acuity,
• hair loss,
• diarrhea,
• growth failure,
• skin changes

• Acute gastrointestinal upset;
• vomiting;
• sweating;
• dizziness;
• copper deficiency

Breast milk; infant formula; meat; liver; egg yolk; oysters and other seafood; whole-grain breads, cereals, and other fortified or enriched grain products; legumes

• Helps protect teeth against tooth decay;
• may minimize bone loss

Increased dental caries

• Mottled, discolored teeth;
• possible increase in bone density;
• calcified muscle insertions and exotosis

Fluoridated water

• Helps regulate acid-base equilibrium and osmotic pressure of body fluids;
• component of gastric juices

Usually accompanied by sodium depletion; see Sodium

Breast milk, infant formula, sodium chloride (table salt)

• Required for normal glucose metabolism;
• insulin cofactor

• Glucose intolerance;
• impaired growth;
• peripheral neuropathy;
• negative nitrogen balance;
• decreased respiratory quotient

Meat; whole-grain breads, cereals, and other fortified or enriched grain products; brewer's yeast; corn oil

• Facilitates the function of many enzymes and iron;
• may be an integral part of RNA, DNA molecules

retarded growth, anorexia, Pallor,edema,

• Wilson's disease - copper deposits, in the cornea;
• cirrhosis of liver;
• deterioration of neurological processes

Liver; kidney; poultry; shellfish; legumes; whole-grain breads, cereals, and other grain products

• Helps regulate thyroid hormones;
• important in regulation of cellular oxidation and growth

• Endemic goiter;
• depressed thyroid function;
• cretinism

Possible thyroid enlargement

Breast milk, infant formula, seafood, iodized salt

Required for many coenzyme oxidation-phosphorylation reactions, nerve impulse transmissions, and for muscle contraction

• MITCH
• Muscle tremors;
• irritability;
• tetany;
• convulsions;
• hyper-or hypoflexia

Diarrhea; transient Hypocalcemia

Breast milk; infant formula; whole-grain breads, cereals, and other grain products; tofu; legumes; green vegetables

Essential part of several enzyme systems involved in protein and energy metabolism

• (managenese def is a SIN)
• skeletal abnormalities
• Impaired growth
• neonatal ataxia

• In extremely high exposure from contamination:
• severe psychiatric and neurologic disorders

Whole-grain breads, cereals, and other grain products; legumes; fruits; vegetables (leafy)

Part of the enzymes xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase, possibly helps reduce incidence of dental caries

Goutlike syndrome

Organ meats; breads, cereals, and other grain products; dark green leafy vegetables; legumes

• Builds and maintains bones and teeth;
• component of nucleic acids, phospholipids;
• as coenzyme functions in energy metabolism;
• buffers intracellular fluid

Phosphate depletion unusual effects renal, neuromuscular, skeletal systems as well as blood chemistries

Hypocalcemia (when parathyroid gland not fully functioning)

Breast milk; infant formula; cheese; egg yolk; meat; poultry; fish; whole-grain breads, cereals, and other grain products; legumes

• Helps regulate acid-base equilibrium and osmotic pressure of body fluids;
• influences muscle activity, especially cardiac muscle

• Muscle weakness;
• respiratory failure
• decreased intestinal tone and distension;
• cardiac arrhythmias;

Breast milk; infant formula; fruits especially orange juice, bananas, and dried fruits; yogurt; potatoes; meat; fish; poultry; soy products; vegetables

• May be essential to tissue respiration;
• associated with fat metabolism and vitamin E;
• acts as an antioxidant

• Myalgia;
• muscle tenderness;
• cardiac myopathy;
• increased fragility of red blood cells;
• degeneration of pancreas

Whole-grain breads, cereals, and other fortified or enriched grain products; onions; meats; seafood; dependent on soil content - vegetables

• Helps regulate acid-base equilibrium and osmotic pressure of body fluids;
• plays a role in normal muscle irritability and contractility;
• influences cell permeability

Nausea; cramps; vomiting; dizziness; apathy; exhaustion; possible respiratory failure

Sodium chloride (table salt), abundant in most foods except fruit pantothenic acid function. Functions in the synthesis and breakdown of many vital body compounds; essential in the intermediary metabolism of carbohydrate, fat, and protein

Fatigue; sleep disturbances; nausea; muscle cramps; impaired coordination; loss of antibody production

Diarrhea; water retention Breast milk; infant formula;

meat; fish; poultry; liver; egg yolk; yeast; whole-grain breads, cereals, and other grain products; legumes; vegetables

Essential component of enzymes; important in reactions involving the lengthening of carbon chains; coenzyme carrier of carbon dioxide; plays an important role in the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids

Seborrheic dermatitis; glossitis; nausea; insomnia;

Breast milk, infant formula, liver, meat, egg yolk, yeast, bananas, most vegetables, strawberries, grapefruit, watermelon,