-
Protein function:
- Anabolism of tissue proteins;
- helps maintain fluid balance;
- energy source;
- formation of immunoglobulins;
- maintenance of acid-base balance;
- important part of enzymes and hormones
-
Protein deficiency
- Kwashiorkor-edema;
- reddish pigmentation of hair and skin;
- fatty liver;
- retardation of growth in children;
- diarrhea;
- dermatosis;
- decreased T-cell lymphocytes with increased secondary infections;
-
protein toxicity
- Azotemia;
- acidosis;
- hyperammonemia
-
Protein food sources
Breast milk, infant formula, meat, fish, poultry, egg yolk, cheese, yogurt, legumes
-
CHO function
- Major energy source;
- protein sparing;
- necessary for normal fat metabolism;
- glucose is the sole source of energy for the brain;
- many sources also provide dietary fiber
-
-
Fat function
- Concentrated energy source;
- protein sparing;
- insulation for temperature maintenance;
- supplies essential fatty acids;
- carries fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K
-
Fat deficiency
- Eczema;
- low growth rate in infants;
- lowered resistance in infection;
- hair loss
-
Vitamin D function
- Necessary for the formation of normal bone;
- promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the intestines
-
Vitamin D Deficiency
- Rickets
- (symptoms:
- - costochondral beading,
- - epiphyseal enlargement,
- - cranial bossing,
- - bowed legs,
- - persistently open anterior fontanelle)
-
Vitamin D toxicity
- Abnormally high blood calcium (hypercalcemia),
- retarded growth,
- vomiting,
- nephrocalcinosis
-
vitamin D food sources
Infant formula, egg yolk, liver, fatty fish, sunlight (activation of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin)
-
Vitamin A function
- Preserves integrity of epithelial cells;
- formation of rhodopsin for vision in dim light;
- necessary for wound healing, growth, and normal immune function
-
Vitamin A deficiency
- Night blindness,
- dry eyes,
- poor bone growth,
- impaired resistance to infection,
- papillary hyperkeratosis of the skin
-
Vitamin A toxicity
- abdominal pain;
- bone pain;
- dry and fissured skin;
- Fatigue;
- headache;
- hypercalcemia
- hyperpigmentation;
- jaundice;
- night sweats;
- retarded growth;
- vertigo;
- vomiting;
-
vitamin A food choices
Breast milk, infant formula, liver, egg yolk, dark green and deep yellow vegetables and fruits
-
Vitamin E Function
- May function as an antioxidant in the tissues;
- may have a role as a coenzyme;
- neuromuscular function
-
Vitamin E deficiency
Hemolytic anemia in the premature and newborn; hyporeflexia, and spinocerebellar and retinal degeneration
-
vitamin E toxicity
- May interfere with vitamin K activity leading to prolonged clotting and bleeding time; in anemia,
- suppresses the normal hematologic response to iron
-
vitamin E food sources
Breast milk; infant formula; vegetable oils; liver; egg yolk; butter; green leafy vegetables; whole-grain breads, cereals, and other fortified or enriched grain products; wheat germ
-
vitamin K function
- Catalyzes prothrombin synthesis;
- required in the synthesis of other blood clotting factors;
- synthesis by intestinal bacteria
-
vitamin K deficiency
- Prolonged bleeding and prothrombin time;
- hemorrhagic manifestations (especially in newborns)
-
Vitamin K toxicity
- Possible hemolytic anemia;
- hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice)
-
Vitamin K food sources
Infant formula, vegetable oils, green leafy vegetables, pork, liver
-
vitamin C function
- Essential in the synthesis of collagen (thus, strengthens tissues and improves wound healing and resistance to infection);
- iron absorption and transport;
- watersoluble antioxidant;
- functions in folacin metabolism
-
vitamin C deficiency
- Scurvy,
- osmotic diarrhea
- pinpoint peripheral hemorrhages,
- bleeding gums,
-
vitamin C toxicity
- Nausea,
- abdominal cramps,
- diarrhea,
- possible formation of kidney stones
-
Vitamin C food sources
Breast milk, infant formula, fruits (especially citrus fruits, papaya, cantaloupe, strawberries), vegetables (potatoes, cabbage)
-
vitamin b12 function
- Essential for biosynthesis of nucleic acids and nucleoproteins;
- RBC maturation;
- involved with folate metabolism;
- central nervous system metabolism
-
vitamin B12 deficiency
- Pernicious anemia;
- neurologic deterioration
-
folate function
Essential in the biosynthesis of nucleic acids; necessary for the normal maturation of red blood cells
-
vitamin b12 food sources
Infant formula, breast milk, meat, fish, poultry, cheese, egg yolk, liver
-
folate deficiency
- Poor growth; megaloblastic anemia (concurrent deficiency of vitamin B12 should be suspected);
- impaired cellular immunity
-
folate toxicity
Masking of B12 deficiency symptoms in those with pernicious anemia not receiving cyanocobalamin
-
folate food sources
Breast milk; infant formula; liver; green leafy vegetables; legumes; whole-grain breads, cereals, and fortified or enriched grain products; legumes; oranges; cantaloupe; lean beef
-
B6/pyridoxine function
Aids in the synthesis and breakdown of amino acids and unsaturated fatty acids from essential fatty acids; essential for conversion of tryptophan to niacin; essential for normal growth
-
B6/pyridoxine deficiency
- Microcytic anemia;
- convulsions;
- irritability
-
B6/pyridoxine toxicity
Sensory neuropathy with progressive ataxia; photosensitivity
-
B6/pyridoxine Food sources
Breast milk; infant formula; liver; meat; whole-grain breads, cereals, or other grain products; legumes; potatoes
-
B1/thiamin function
- Combines with phosphorus to form thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) necessary for metabolism of protein, carbohydrate, and fat;
- essential for growth, normal appetite, digestion, and healthy nerves
-
B1/thiamin deficiency
- Beriberi,
- edema,
- neuritis,
- cardiac failure
-
B1/thiamin food sources
Breast milk; infant formula; lean pork; wheat germ; whole-grain and enriched breads, cereals, and other grain products; legumes; potatoes
-
Riboflavin/B2 function
- Essential for growth;
- plays enzymatic role in tissue respiration and acts as a transporter of hydrogen ions;
- synthesis of FMN and FAD
-
Riboflavin/B2 deficiency
- Photophobia,
- cheilosis,
- glossitis,
- corneal vascularization,
- poor growth
-
Riboflavin/B2 food sources
Breast milk; infant formula, meat; dairy products; egg yolk; legumes; green vegetables; whole-grain breads, cereals, and fortified or enriched grain products
-
niacin function
- Part of the enzyme system for oxidation, energy release;
- necessary for synthesis of glycogen and the synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids
-
niacin deficiency
Pellegra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
-
niacin toxicity
- Transient due to the vasodilating effects of niacin (does not occur with niacinamide)-flushing, tingling, dizziness, nausea;
- liver abnormalities;
- hyperuricemia;
- decreased LDL and increased HDL cholesterol
-
niacin food sources
Breast milk; infant formula;meat; poultry; fish; whole-grain breads, cereals, and fortified or enriched grain products; egg yolk
-
calcium function
- Builds and maintains bones and teeth;
- essential in clotting of blood;
- influences transmission of ions across cell membranes;
- required in nerve transmission
-
calcium deficiency
Rickets - abnormal development of bones.
-
calcium toxicity
- Excessive calcification of bone;
- calcification of soft tissue;
- hypercalcemia;
- vomiting;
- lethargy
-
calcium major food sources
Breast milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese, fortified or enriched grain products, some green leafy vegetables (such as collards, kale mustard greens, and turnip greens), tofu (if made with calcium sulfate), sardines, salmon
-
Iron function
- Essential for the formation of hemoglobin and oxygen transport;
- increases resistance to infection;
- functions as part of enzymes involved in tissue respiration.
-
Iron deficiency
- Hypochromic microcytic anemia;
- malabsorption;
- irritability;
- anorexia;
- pallor,
- lethargy
-
Iron toxicity
- Hemochromatosis;
- hemosiderosis.
-
Iron food sources
Breast milk; infant formula; meat; liver; legumes; wholegrain breads, cereals, or fortified or enriched grain products; and dark green vegetables
-
zinc function
Component of many enzyme systems and insulin
-
zinc deficiency
- Decreased wound healing,
- hypogonadism,
- mild anemia,
- decreased taste acuity,
- hair loss,
- diarrhea,
- growth failure,
- skin changes
-
zinc toxicity
- Acute gastrointestinal upset;
- vomiting;
- sweating;
- dizziness;
- copper deficiency
-
zincfood sources
Breast milk; infant formula; meat; liver; egg yolk; oysters and other seafood; whole-grain breads, cereals, and other fortified or enriched grain products; legumes
-
Fluoride function
- Helps protect teeth against tooth decay;
- may minimize bone loss
-
Fluoride deficiency
Increased dental caries
-
Fluoride toxicity
- Mottled, discolored teeth;
- possible increase in bone density;
- calcified muscle insertions and exotosis
-
Fluoride food sources
Fluoridated water
-
Chloride function
- Helps regulate acid-base equilibrium and osmotic pressure of body fluids;
- component of gastric juices
-
Chloride deficiency
Usually accompanied by sodium depletion; see Sodium
-
Chloride food sources
Breast milk, infant formula, sodium chloride (table salt)
-
Chromium function
- Required for normal glucose metabolism;
- insulin cofactor
-
Chromium deficiency
- Glucose intolerance;
- impaired growth;
- peripheral neuropathy;
- negative nitrogen balance;
- decreased respiratory quotient
-
Chromium food sources
Meat; whole-grain breads, cereals, and other fortified or enriched grain products; brewer's yeast; corn oil
-
cooper function
- Facilitates the function of many enzymes and iron;
- may be an integral part of RNA, DNA molecules
-
cooper deficiency
retarded growth, anorexia, Pallor,edema,
-
cooper toxicity
- Wilson's disease - copper deposits, in the cornea;
- cirrhosis of liver;
- deterioration of neurological processes
-
cooper food sources
Liver; kidney; poultry; shellfish; legumes; whole-grain breads, cereals, and other grain products
-
Iodine function
- Helps regulate thyroid hormones;
- important in regulation of cellular oxidation and growth
-
Iodine deficiency
- Endemic goiter;
- depressed thyroid function;
- cretinism
-
Iodine toxicity
Possible thyroid enlargement
-
Iodine food sources
Breast milk, infant formula, seafood, iodized salt
-
Magnesium function
Required for many coenzyme oxidation-phosphorylation reactions, nerve impulse transmissions, and for muscle contraction
-
Magnesium deficiency
- MITCH
- Muscle tremors;
- irritability;
- tetany;
- convulsions;
- hyper-or hypoflexia
-
Magnesium toxicity
Diarrhea; transient Hypocalcemia
-
Magnesium food sources
Breast milk; infant formula; whole-grain breads, cereals, and other grain products; tofu; legumes; green vegetables
-
manganese function
Essential part of several enzyme systems involved in protein and energy metabolism
-
manganese deficiency
- (managenese def is a SIN)
- skeletal abnormalities
- Impaired growth
- neonatal ataxia
-
manganese toxicity
- In extremely high exposure from contamination:
- severe psychiatric and neurologic disorders
-
manganese function
Whole-grain breads, cereals, and other grain products; legumes; fruits; vegetables (leafy)
-
molybdenum function
Part of the enzymes xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase, possibly helps reduce incidence of dental caries
-
molybdenum toxicity
Goutlike syndrome
-
molybdenum food sources
Organ meats; breads, cereals, and other grain products; dark green leafy vegetables; legumes
-
phosphorus function
- Builds and maintains bones and teeth;
- component of nucleic acids, phospholipids;
- as coenzyme functions in energy metabolism;
- buffers intracellular fluid
-
phosphorus deficiency
Phosphate depletion unusual effects renal, neuromuscular, skeletal systems as well as blood chemistries
-
phosphorus toxicity
Hypocalcemia (when parathyroid gland not fully functioning)
-
phosphorus food sources
Breast milk; infant formula; cheese; egg yolk; meat; poultry; fish; whole-grain breads, cereals, and other grain products; legumes
-
potassium function
- Helps regulate acid-base equilibrium and osmotic pressure of body fluids;
- influences muscle activity, especially cardiac muscle
-
potassium deficiency
- Muscle weakness;
- respiratory failure
- decreased intestinal tone and distension;
- cardiac arrhythmias;
-
potassium food sources
Breast milk; infant formula; fruits especially orange juice, bananas, and dried fruits; yogurt; potatoes; meat; fish; poultry; soy products; vegetables
-
selenium function
- May be essential to tissue respiration;
- associated with fat metabolism and vitamin E;
- acts as an antioxidant
-
selenium deficiency
- Myalgia;
- muscle tenderness;
- cardiac myopathy;
- increased fragility of red blood cells;
- degeneration of pancreas
-
selenium sources
Whole-grain breads, cereals, and other fortified or enriched grain products; onions; meats; seafood; dependent on soil content - vegetables
-
sodium function
- Helps regulate acid-base equilibrium and osmotic pressure of body fluids;
- plays a role in normal muscle irritability and contractility;
- influences cell permeability
-
sodium deficiency
Nausea; cramps; vomiting; dizziness; apathy; exhaustion; possible respiratory failure
-
sodium food sources
Sodium chloride (table salt), abundant in most foods except fruit pantothenic acid function. Functions in the synthesis and breakdown of many vital body compounds; essential in the intermediary metabolism of carbohydrate, fat, and protein
-
pantothenic acid deficiency
Fatigue; sleep disturbances; nausea; muscle cramps; impaired coordination; loss of antibody production
-
pantothenic acid toxicity
Diarrhea; water retention Breast milk; infant formula;
-
pantothenic acid food sources
meat; fish; poultry; liver; egg yolk; yeast; whole-grain breads, cereals, and other grain products; legumes; vegetables
-
biotin function
Essential component of enzymes; important in reactions involving the lengthening of carbon chains; coenzyme carrier of carbon dioxide; plays an important role in the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids
-
biotin deficiency
Seborrheic dermatitis; glossitis; nausea; insomnia;
-
biotin food sources
Breast milk, infant formula, liver, meat, egg yolk, yeast, bananas, most vegetables, strawberries, grapefruit, watermelon,
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