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appendicular skeleton
all the bones that are found in the limbs of the body
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Atrioventricular valves
(AV) valves separate the atria from the ventricles
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Tricuspid valve separates
right atria from ventricle
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the left AV valve is called
bicuspid or mitral valve
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auscultation
act of listening to the body sounds with stethoscope - blood pressure, hear rate, heart and lung sounds
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axial skeleton
form the central or supportive core: skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
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contractile proteins
proteins found in muscle cells that interact to cause force - major ones are actin and myosin
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motor unit
single somatic motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates
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specialized muscle proteins that block the binding of the contractile proteins to one another and keeps the muscle in a relaxed state
regulatory proteins - troponin and tropomyosin
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where diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs within the lungs
respiratory membrane - formed by the walls of alveoli and capillaries as they come in contact with the lungs
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muscle or group of muscle that assists the agonist in performing a joint action
synergist
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ventilation - act of breathing in (inspiration) and out (expiration) so that oxygen can be exchanged for carbon dioxide occurs in the
alveoli
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the coronal plane divides the body into
anterior and posterior portions (also called frontal)
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the heart is located in the space called
mediastinum
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external deep groves of the heart
sulci
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what separtes the atria from the ventricles
coronary sulcus
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what separates the left ventricle from the right
interventricular sulcus
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The layers of the heart are
- parietal pericardium (serous and fibrous layers)
- pericardial cavity
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
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what acts as a lubricant and reduces friction between the membranes during contraction
pericardial fluid (in pericardial cavity)
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the thickest layer of tissue in the heart is the
myocardium - contains cardiac muscle
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what forms the innermost lining of the walls of the heart changers and valves
endocardium
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which side of the heart is the pulmonary circuit
right side of the heart collects blood from the periphery and pumps it through the lungs
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the left side of the heart collects blood from the lungs and pumps it throughout the body called the _______ circuit
systemic
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what separates the ventricles from the aorta and pulmonary artery trunk
semilunar valves
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which are smaller and thinner, atria or ventricles
atria (LV are 2-3x thicker than RV)
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the cusps of the AV valves are attached to
chordae tendineae
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during ventricular contraction, what happens to chordae tendineae
the papillary muscles shorten and pull it tight; preventing the AV valves from swinging back into the atria - preventing backflow
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venous blood flows into RA from
vena cava, coronary sinus, anterior cardiac veins
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order of pulmonary circuit
vena cava, RA, tricuspid valve, RV, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery (alveolar capillaries - gas exchanged)
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order of systemic circuit
LA, bicuspid valve,LV, aortic valve, aorta, body
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the functional supply of blood for the heart (nutrients and oxygen) is delivered by the
coronary artery
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the electrical impulse that initiates cardiac contraction is
SA node or intrinsic pacemaker of the heart - at RA; 60-80x per min at rest
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how is the electrical impulse spread from SA node to AV node
internodal gaps
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what happens to the electrical impulse at the AV node
delated .13 seconds to allow atria to contract and fill the ventricles
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From the AV node, where does the elctrical impulse go
AV bundle or bundle of His; R & L bundle branches and through the network of Purkinje fibers (in myocardium of both ventricles)
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The rate and forcefulness of heart contraction depend on
autonomic nervous system control and hormone activity; norepinephrine and epinephrine stimulate the atria and ventricles to beat faster
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what nerves control the atria and slow the heart rate
parasympathetic nerves (vagi)
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from largest to smallest list the types of arteries
lg arteries, small arteries, arterioles, capillaries
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on the venous side of circulation, list smallest to largest
sm venules, veins
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What kind of arteries helps maintain presure within the vessels
elastic
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what kind of arteries distribute blood throughout the body
muscular
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very small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries
arterioles
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arterioles play a major role in regulating blood flow because of their ability to
vasoconstrict or vasodialate (can affect BP)
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microscopic vessels that connect the arterioles with the venules
capillaries
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collect blood from capillaries
venules, then veins collect the blood from venules
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which can contain one way valves, veins or arteries
veins - like in the legs, to maintain venous return to the heart
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vasoconstriction is caused by
smooth muscle located in venous walls
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which artery is used to determine BP
brachial
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locations to take pulse
carotid - neck and radial - wrist; other locations include temporal, popliteal (back of knee), femoral (groin), dorsal pedis (top of foot)
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The upper respiratory tract includes
nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi (conducting portion)
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the loser respiratory system
respiratory bonchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli (repiratory portion)
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what protects the voice box when swallowing
epiglottis
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the exchange of respiratory gases takes place by
passive diffusion across the respiratory membrane
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define ventilation
exchange of air, inspiration and expiration in the lungs, activated by diaphram; pulmonary circulation is low-pressure system
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during inspiration what happens to the pressure
as the thorasic space increases, the pressure in the pleural space is lower than the outside atmospheric presure, air enters the lung until the intrapulmonary (inside the lung) gas is equal to the atmospheric pressure
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during expiration, what happens to the pressure in the lung
the repiratory muscles relax andthe thoracic dimensions decrease, increasing intrapulmonary pressure relative to the outside atmospheric pressure - air flows to outside the body
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the diaphram, major muscle of inspiration is innervated by the
phrenic nerve
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patients with airflow obstruction (bronchoconstriction in asthma or emphysema) what happens to their lungs
hyperinflation of the lungs stretches the lung tissue and leads to additional elastic reoil, forcing the diaphram downward and shortening the vertical muscle fibers
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bones in the axial skeletal system
skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
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appendicular skeleton
all the bones not in axial skeleton, of the upper and lower limbs
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main portion of a long bone is called
diaphysis
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the ends of bones are called
epiphyses and are covered by articular cartilage - connective tissue that reduces friction in synovial joints AND redistributes joint loads to a wider area which decreases stresses by contacting joints
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the connection where the diaphysis joins the epiphysis in a)mature bone b) immature bone
- a) metaphysis
- b) ephiphyseal or growth plate
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the marrow cavity inside the diaphysis is called
medullary cavity
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on the bone, where liagments and tendons attach and is critical for bone growth, repair and nutrition
periosteum
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in spongy bone, the tree-dinensional lattice composed of beams or struts of bone
trabeculae - provide strength and counteract stresses
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in some bones, the space within these trabeculae is filled with
red bone marrow - which produces blood cells
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most common joint in the body
synovial joint - the synovial membrane produces synovial fluid which reduces friction and wear and tear
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degree of movement at a joint
range of motion
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the three types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac and smooth
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type of muscle that is attached primarily to bones and is responsible for movement, stabilizing the body (posture), load distribution, shock absorption, and heat generation
skeletal
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a thin elastic membrane found just beneath the endomysium of a muscle fiber is called
sarcolemma - the true cell boundary that encloses the cellular contents of the muscle fiber, nuclei, fat, glucose (as glycogen), enzymes, contractile proteins and specialized structures like mitochondria
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epymysium, perimysiou, and endomysium converge to form
tendons - dense cords of connective tissue that attach a muscle to the periosteum of the bone
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myofibrils contain 2 types of myofilaments called _______ and _______ and are found in the smallest contractile unilt of skeletal muscle, the _________.
thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments, sarcomere
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each myofibril is composed of numerous sarcomeres joined end to end at _________.
z-lines
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the thin filaments consist of the cotractile protein actin and regulatory proteins
tropomyosin and troponin
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muscle fibers that are fatique resistant and selected for activities of low intensity and long duration
type I
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the generation of energy for continued muscle contraction type I is through
ongoing oxidation of available carbs and fats
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power and high-intensity speed tasks have a greater number of these muscle fibers
type II or type IIB
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metabolically, type IIB fibers are
anaerobic as they rely on energy sources intrinsic to the muscle not on fuels like type I
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when an endurance element is introduced, like an event lasting several minutes, a second muscle fiber is recruited
type IIA - an intermediate fiber type, can generate a moderate amt of force they also have some aerobic capacity
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because most muscles cross a joint, and as a muscle contracts ir pulls one of the articulating bones toward the other, the attachment that is usually proximal and more stationary is __________ and the muscle attachment that moves the most is distal and ______
origin and insertion
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levers are classified acording to the relative position of the center axis of roation and the effort and resistance forces, what is the most common lever in the human body
third-class levers and are designed for large ROM and speed and movment
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describe a first class lever
the foot where the force is at the ankle and the resistance is the toes
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describe a 2nd class lever
wheel barrel, where the force in the hands on the handles pulling up and the resistance is at the center between the handles and the wheel
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describe a 3rd class lever
the arm where the force is the bicep muscle pulling the forearm up and the resistance is the forearm
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a type of muscle action where the muslce generates force in the asence of joint movement
isometric
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type of muscle action that occurs then the muscle torque being generated exceeds the torque of theresistance force and the muscle shortens in length such as theupward phase of a bicep curl
concentric
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muscle action where the torque generated by the muscle is less than the torque of the resistance force being encountered, resulting in muscle lengthening rather than shortening
eccentric
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during a bicep curl the agonist or prime movers are the ____ which includes the _____ ____ _____ and the antagonist _______ ______
- elbow flexors; biceps brachii, bracialis and brachioradialis
- triceps brachii and anconeus
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