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Central Dogma of Genetics
DNA to RNA to Proteins
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DNA to RNA to Proteins
Central Dogma of Genetics
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RNA Polymerase (prok) converts DNA into RNA
Gen: Transcription
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Gen: Transcription
RNA Polymerase (prok) converts DNA into RNA
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Ribosomes transfer information from mRNA into a polypeptide
Gen: Translation
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Gen: Translation
Ribosomes transfer information from mRNA into a polypeptide
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Stable types of RNA
tRNA and rRNA
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tRNA and rRNA
Stable types of RNA
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They perform the major functions of the cell
Proteins (do what for the cell?)
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Proteins (do what for the cell?)
They perform the major functions of the cell
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Unstable RNA
mRNA (stability?)
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mRNA (stability?)
Unstable RNA
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Prok: tRNA has how many nucleotides
79 Nucleotides
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Approximate weight of a nucleotide
350 MW
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Polycistronic DNA
More than one gene per operon
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More than one gene per operon
Polycistronic DNA
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One amino acid is coded for by___mRNA nucleotides
3 Nucleotides (code for _____)
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3 Nucleotides (code for _____)
One amino acid is coded for by___mRNA nucleotides
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The part of RNA Polymerase that does the transcribing
Prok: Core (think transcription device)
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Prok: Core (think transcription device)
The part of RNA Polymerase that does the transcribing
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Prok: RNA Polymerase Core components
Alpha and beta subunits
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Alpha and beta subunits
Prok: RNA Polymerase Core components
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Prok: Binds a promoter allowing RNA Polymerase to transcribe
Sigma Factor/Initiation Factor/Specificity Factor
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Sigma Factor/Initiation Factor/Specificity Factor
Prok: Binds a promoter allowing RNA Polymerase to transcribe
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Prok: Core and Sigma Factor
Holoenzyme
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Holoenzyme
Prok: Core and Sigma Factor
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Prok: RNA Polymerase holoenzyme bound to promoter of duplex
Closed complex of transcription
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Closed complex of transcription
Prok: RNA Polymerase holoenzyme bound to promoter of duplex
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Prok: Closed complex is followed by____
Prok: _____ is followed by open complex
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Prok: _____ is followed by open complex
Prok: Closed complex is followed by____
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Prok: Given off after transcription begins
Prok: Sigma Factor and ppi
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Prok: Sigma Factor and ppi
Prok: Given off after transcription begins
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-
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The three phases of transcription
Initiation, Elongation, Termination
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Initiation, Elongation, Termination
The three phases of transcription
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Inacts termination
Terminator loop
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Terminator loop
Inacts termination
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Structure of terminator loop (RNA)
String of G, then C bonds followed by U's
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String of G, then C bonds followed by U's
Structure of terminator loop (RNA)
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How does the terminator loop work?
String of G bond to string of C and snapp off string of U
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String of G bond to string of C and snapp off string of U
How does the terminator loop work?
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Plasmids and Gen Eng Tech
Gen Eng Tech: transformation by plasmids
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Restriction Enzymes
Cut DNA at specific sequences (sites)
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Cut DNA at specific sequences (sites)
Restriction Enzymes
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Molecular Cloning
Gen Eng Tech: using Foreign DNA in vectors to form hybrid DNA Molecules
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Gen Eng Tech: using Foreign DNA in vectors to form hybrid DNA Molecules
Molecular Cloning
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Amplify "any" specific DNA frag of gene
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Amplify "any" specific DNA frag of gene
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
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First in restrition is recognition of_____ DNA as non-self
Foreign
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Second in Restriction is cleavage of foreign DNA by _______ at a restriction site
restriction enzyme
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Restriction site (Specific nucleotide sequence) is how long?
4-6 base pairs
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A bacterium's "own" DNA protected from restrction enzymes
Purpose of Modification
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Purpose of Modification
A bacterium's "own" DNA protected from restrction enzymes
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Gen Eng Tech: Modification
addition of a methyl group to "own" DNA by DNA modification enzyme
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addition of a methyl group to "own" DNA by DNA modification enzyme
Gen Eng Tech: Modification
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Modification enzyme is a_______
DNA methylase (it serves as a what?)
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DNA methylase (it serves as a what?)
Modification enzyme is a_______
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Restriction enzyme that cuts the middle of a peptide strand
Endonuclease
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Endonuclease
Restriction enzyme that cuts the middle of a peptide strand
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symmetry; palmindrome
structure of restriction site
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structure of restriction site
symmetry; palmindrome
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Complementary ends of DNA, that is staggered/"sticky" ends OR blunt ends
What is left over after DNA is cut at a restriction site?
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What is left over after DNA is cut at a restriction site?
Complementary ends of DNA, that is staggered/"sticky" ends OR blunt ends
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Hybrid DNA Molecule
A target plus a vector (used in molecular cloning)
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A target plus a vector (used in molecular cloning)
Hybrid DNA Molecule
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Cloning: Target
Gene or DNA fragment of interest
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Gene or DNA fragment of interest
Cloning: Target
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Cloning: examples of usable vectors
Plasmid, phage, virus
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Plasmid, phage, virus
Cloning: examples of usable vectors
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Injecting a host cell with the Hybrid DNA molecule allows what (cloning)
Allows host cell to replicate hybrid and allow expression of the target gene
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Cloning: Examples of possible host cells
Gen tech Eng: Bacteria, yeast, animal or human cells
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Human Cloning: (Steps)
Purify messenger RNA (after introns are already spliced out)
Human Cloning: Copy mRNA into DNA with Reverse Transciptase (use DNA as target)
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Human Cloning: Copy mRNA into DNA with Reverse Transciptase...
Human Cloning: Cut target DNA with restriction enzyme
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Human Cloning: Cut target DNA with restriction enzyme...
Human Cloning: Purify vector DNA and cut with restriction enzyme
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Human Cloning: Purify vector DNA and cut with restriction enzyme...
Human Cloning: Mix the DNA's; inactivate rest enzyme, anneal, ligate
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Human Cloning: Mix the DNA's; inactivate rest enzyme, anneal, ligate
Human Cloning: Transform bacterial host
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Genomics
Study of genes & sites in a chromosome by determining and analyzing the nucleotide sequence of entire chromosome.
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Study of genes & sites in a chromosome by determining and analyzing the nucleotide sequence of entire chromosome.
Genomics
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Functional genomics
Study of functions of cell or of an organism by analyzing the chromosome's nucleotide sequence
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Study of functions of cell or of an organism by analyzing the chromosome's nucleotide sequence
Functional genomics
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Structural genomics
Study of 3D struct of proteins by looking at amino acid sequence (from nucleotides) and comparing it to databases for protein structure
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Study of 3D struct of proteins by looking at amino acid sequence (from nucleotides) and comparing it to databases for protein structure
Structural genomics
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Bioinfomatics
Using software and algorithms to analyze gene and protein sequenes and compare to data bases
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Using software and algorithms to analyze gene and protein sequenes and compare to data bases
Bioinfomatics
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Algorithm
Rules for procedures for solving math. prob, usually involving repetitive operations
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Rules for procedures for solving math. prob, usually involving repetitive operations
Algorithm
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Homology
extent of similarity between different genes or between different proteins
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extent of similarity between different genes or between different proteins
Homology
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Genes which encode similar proteins have______ nucleiotide sequences
similar
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DNA Sequencing
Using overlapping fragments to deduce entire chromosome seq
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Orthologous Proteins (Orthologs)
similar proteins from different species
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paralogous proteins (paralogs)
similar proteins within same organism
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DNA arrays/gene arrays/microarrays/DNA chips
DNA fragments corresponding to every gene (ORF) fixed to tiny separate spots on a slide
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DNA fragments corresponding to every gene (ORF) fixed to tiny separate spots on a slide
DNA arrays/gene arrays/microarrays/DNA chips
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Using overlapping fragments to deduce entire chromosome seq
DNA Sequencing
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similar proteins from different species
Orthologous Proteins (Orthologs)
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similar proteins within same organism
paralogous proteins (paralogs)
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Purpose of DNA arrays
detect and quantitate mRNA from every gene
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Human cloning: Transform bacterial host
select transformants
-
-
-
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Mycology
study of molds and yeasts (of fungi
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study of molds and yeasts (of fungi
Mycology
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molds
filamentious organisms
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filamentious organisms
molds
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yeasts
singe cells which produce progeny by budding, usually
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singe cells which produce progeny by budding, usually
yeasts
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coenocytic
no perpendicula cross walls (ex: molds)
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no perpendicula cross walls (ex: molds)
coenocytic
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septate
with cross walls with pores (molds)
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with cross walls with pores (molds)
septate
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mycelium
mass of hyphae (molds)
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mass of hyphae (molds)
mycelium
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arthrospores
separate spores at hypha end formed by cell division
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separate spores at hypha end formed by cell division
arthrospores
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chlamydospores
spores surrounded by thick wall before separation
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spores surrounded by thick wall before separation
chlamydospores
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sporangiospores
within sac at hypha end
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within sac at hypha end
sporangiospores
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conidiospores
produced at tip, no sac
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produced at tip, no sac
conidiospores
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blastospores
produced by budding from vegatative mother cell
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produced by budding from vegatative mother cell
blastospores
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homothallic
self-fertilizing, compatible gametes on the same mycelium
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self-fertilizing, compatible gametes on the same mycelium
homothallic
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heterothalic
crossing between different but compatible mycelia.
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crossing between different but compatible mycelia.
heterothalic
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Zygomycota, Ascomycota, ____________
Basidiomycota (Basidiomycetes)
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Zygomycota, _____________, Basidiomycota
Ascomycota (Ascomycetes)
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_____________, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota
Zygomycota (Zygomycetes)
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Chlamydia Trachomatis causes______
Trachoma (rough eye)~caused by what?
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Trachoma (rough eye)~caused by what?
Chlamydia Trachomatis causes______
-
-
-
-
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Symbiosis
Name for organisms living together
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Name for organisms living together
Symbiosis
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-
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commensalism
one benefits and the other is indifferent
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one benefits and the other is indifferent
commensalism
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parasitism
one benefits and the other is harmed
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one benefits and the other is harmed
parasitism
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contamination
microorganism present
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microorganism present
contamination
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infection
multiplication of parasites on or in body
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multiplication of parasites on or in body
infection
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Disease
disturbance of normal state; normal functions can not be performed
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disturbance of normal state; normal functions can not be performed
Disease
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pathogen
organism capable of causing disease
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organism capable of causing disease
pathogen
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pathogenicity
capacity to cause disease
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capacity to cause disease
pathogenicity
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virulence
degree of intensity of disease, degree of pathogenicity
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degree of intensity of disease, degree of pathogenicity
virulence
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normal flora
commensals; parasites (are what_____)
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commensals; parasites (are what_____)
normal flora
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Enteric organisms are gram ____
negative
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Morphology of enteric organisms
rods
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Enteric organisms grow where?
In intestine or warmblooded organisms
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Staphylococcus aureus (opportunistic pathogen of the skin)
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Streptococcus pyogenes (pathogen of upper respiratory tract)
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Pneumocystis carinii (opportunisic pathogen of the upper respiratory tract)
-
-
Helicobacter pylori (ulcers)
-
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Coliform
Rod, gram neg, non-spore forming, facultative anaerobes
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Rod, gram neg, non-spore forming, facultative anaerobes
Coliform
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Lactic acid bacteria (ex: commensals)
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Candida albicans (opportunistic pathogen of the urogenital tract)
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Transmission:
__________, vehicles, vectors
contact
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Contact:
Direct, indirect, _______
droplets
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Vehicles:
Food, water, blood, droplet nuclei,________
airborn dust
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Salmonellosis (caused by?)
Salmonella (found in food)
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Dust vehicle example
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Pathology
Study of disease
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Study of disease
Pathology
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etiology
study of the cause of a disease
-
study of the cause of a disease
etiology
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Koch's First Postulate
Same organism present in every case of disease
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K1: Same organism present in every case of disease, K2...
Organism must be isolated from diseased host and grown in a pure culture
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must be isolated from diseased host and grown in a pure culture, K3...
Adding the pure culture into susceptible host causes the same disease
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Adding the pure culture into susceptible host causes the same disease, K4...
Same organism must be isolated from the same host and grown again in a pure culture
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Borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease from deer tick vector)
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Endemic
alway present (ex: Histoplasm capsulatum)
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Epidemic
Sudden increase in occurance
-
pandemic
world-wide epidemic (ex: HIV)
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Sporadic
localized outbreak (ex: Hanta virus)
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Primary Infection vs_________
Secondary infection (ex: Pneumonia from staphylococcus aureus)
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Incidence
Number of new cases for a disease per time period (a rate)
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Prevalence
total number of cases of disease withing a population at any time
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Universal precautions
rules for handling infectious material or potentially infectious material (wear gloves, no eating in the lab)
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Clostridium tetani (causes tetanus by exotoxin on plasmid)
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Why is life so great?
Jesus loves me
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Characteristics of molds
Mass of hyphae
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A single fungal spore germinates into a...
monokaryotic mycelium
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What is some organism that is coenocytic?
Molds
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colonize mucus membranes
gonorr, tube, pyog, pallid
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Interferon
antiviral protein; host specific (not for specific virus)
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cationic peptides
alter bacterial cytoplasmic membrane permeability
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neutrophils stain how?
stain at neutral
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basophils
vasoactive mediators; stain with basic dye
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eosinophils
phagocytosis; stain with acidic dye
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monocytes become_______ &______ in tissues
macrophages & dendritic cells
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Megakaryocytes become
platelets (sort of bud off?)
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Agranulocytes
lymphocytes & monocytes etc
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Most leukocytes are...
neutrophils...followed by lymphocytes
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White blood cells (WBC) are also called
leukocytes
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How do macrophages bind to foreign stuff...
with mannose receptors and receptors for antibodies
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Macrophages are found...
in all tissues; lymphoid tissues
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Dendritic cells are found
in mucus membranes
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Phagocytosis: Chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, __________, & exocytosis
digestion
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Phagosome + Lysosome
phagolysosome
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Inflammation: Margination, ________, Phagocytosis
Diapedesis
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Inflammation: Margination
Phagocytes stick to endothelium
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Inflammation: Diapedesis
phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells
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Inflammation: Selectins displayed on the endothelium attract______
neutrophils
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Inflammation: Selectins bind to....
integrins on neutrophils
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This enhances phagocytosis by bridging the innate and adaptive immunity
Complement system
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Key to the complement system is ....
C3 Convertase
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C3 Convertase produces: peptide mediators of inflammation, opsonization of pathogens and...
membrane attack complexes
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C3 Convertase is activated by antigen-antibody complexes or...
Mannose Binding Protein
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Mannose Binding Protein is...
an opsonin that activates C3 Convertase
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If a bacteria cell is bound by C3b and antibody...
phagocytes go crazy for it
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Cytokines can make another cell undergo chemotaxis, apoptosis, proliferation, inhibition of proliferation and....
differentiation
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Apoptosis
programmed cell death
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Leukocytes release______to act on other leukocytes
interleukins
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lymphocytes produce_____to act on other lymphocytes
lymphokines
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Lymphocytes are a kind of_______
agranulocyte (all WBCs or Leukocytes)
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B Lymphocyte deficiency
agammaglobulinemia
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T lymphocyte deficiency
DiGeorge Syndrome
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B and T Cell Deficiency
SCID
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Humoral immunity produces...
soluble proteins called antibodies that circulate through the blood
-
Antibodies are found in...
blood, lymph,saliva, mother's milk, mucus
-
This non-enveloped virus is neutralized by antibodies
Polio
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Co-receptors _____ &____ help the B-lymphocyte to attach to an antigen
Ig ALPHA & Ig BETA
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B-Cell Activation: Phagocyte presents antigen on MHC II, T-Helper-0 binds with receptor and CD4 co-receptor, becomes Helper 2, Signal transduction of T Cell Lymphokines...
B-Cell with receptor for that epitope binds
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Once the B-cell has bound the T-Helper 2, the B-cell proliferates and differentiates to become...
plasma cell and memory cell
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Light chain: Germ line DNA (splicing), B-cell DNA, _____, light chain
mRNA (splicing)
-
IgG
Gamma Heavy chain, monomeric
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IgM
Mu Heavy chain, pentameric
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T-Cell Activation: Phagocyte expresses epitope on MHC I with B7's help, matching naive T-cell binds with help of CD8 and CD28 co-receptors, interleukin 2 gene expressed, protein synthesized...
stimulates own proliferation & differentiation into T-Helper 1
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T-Helper 1 further differentiates into cytotoxic T cells and memory cells
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Perforin Protein
makes pores
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Major Histocompatibility Comlex II only on...
macrophages & dendritic cells and B &T Cells
-
Small pox vaccine
major triumph; used vaccinia virus
-
polio vaccine
Salk-killed virus
Sabin-attenuated strains grown in monkey kidney cells)
-
tetanus vaccine
toxoids--chemically altered toxins
-
Hepatitis B vaccine
subunit vaccines
-
subunit vaccine is...
viral proteins expressed by recombinant DNA tech
-
Antisera
Contains antibodies
-
hemagglutination
clumping of red blood cells by antibodies
-
influenza & Measles both clump RBC with...
viral hemagglutination
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Measles virus are______by antibodies
neutralized
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ELISA Direct: Purpose?
detects antigens using known antibodies
-
ELISA Indirect: Purpose?
Detects antibodies using known antigens
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ELISA Direct: Antibodies on plate, add__________, add known antibodies/wash, add chromogenic substrate of the enzyme of chemiluminescent substrate
add antigen/wash
-
ELISA Indirect: fix known antigen on plate, _________, add enzyme linked to anti-antibody serum/wash, add chromogenic/chemiluminescent substrate for the enzyme
add test antiserum
-
Western Blot-Immunoblot: Purpose?
Detects unknown antigens (often of proteins) with known antibodies
-
Western Blot-immunoblot: Separate proteins with SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, transfer to inert membrane,___________, probe membrane with chromogenic/chemiluminescent substrate
probe membrane with known enzyme linked antibodies to the antigen of interest/wash
-
Idea immunoprecipitation occurs....
with a large lattice aggregate
-
Type I Immune disorder
anaphalaxis and allergy
-
Type II Immune Disorders
Hypersensitivity and Cytotoxic Reactions (blood groups,etc)
-
What prevent mix-ups in transfusions
blood typing (video game) & cross matching bloods
-
Cross-matching bloods: Major
Recipient serum and donor RBC
-
Cross Matching Bloods: Minor
Recipient RBC and Donor serum
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Erythroblastosis fetalis
Rh neg mom makes anti-Rh antibodies against second child
-
Hemoglobin is degraded to
bilirubin (toxic)
-
Bilirubin is broken down by...
fluorescent light
-
Type III Immune Problem
Immune complexes damage host
-
What if antigen-antibody complex is too small for a phagocyte to ingest?
complexes lodge in tissue causing inflammation, phagocytes arrive and release dangerous digestive enzymes into tissue
-
Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli (basement membrane of the kidney)
-
Type III immune prob hits:
joints (arthritis), kidney, skin, blood vessels, heart/lungs
-
Type IV Immune Disorder: Delayed CMI Reaction--Basically, on the second exposure, antigen fragments are presented on the host cell surfaces (poison oak on skin):
cytokines increase vascular permeability and attract leucocytes which damage skin
-
How does the TB test work? Tuberculin (TB protein with antigen) is placed under the skin...
Stimulates CMI if there has alread been an infection
-
Herpes 1 &2 AND Epstein-Barr Virus, structure?
DNA, DS, Enveloped, Icosahedral
-
Smallpox, structure?
DNA, DS, Enveloped, Complex
-
Papillomavirus, structure?
DNA, DS, Naked, Icosahedral
-
Parvovirus, structure?
DNA, SS, Naked, Icosahedral
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HIV AND Human T-cell Leukemia Virus, structure?
RNA, SS, Positive, Enveloped, Icosahedral
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Polio, structure?
RNA, SS, Positive, Naked, Icosahedral
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Influenza Virus, structure?
RNA, SS, Negative, Enveloped, Helical
-
Measles, structure?
RNA, SS, Negative, Enveloped, Helical
-
herpes 1 & 2 cause
fever blisters, resperatory infections (2 genital)
-
EBV causes
infectious mononucleosis
-
Rotavirus, structure?
RNA, SS, Naked Icosahedral
-
Rotavirus causes
Human gastroenteritis
-
Rubivirus, structure?
RNA, SS, Positive, Enveloped, Icosahedral
-
-
lyssavirus, structure?
RNA, SS, Negative, Enveloped, Helical
-
-
Bacteria convert food into...
Low molecular weight comounds
-
Low molecular weight compounds are...
Amino acids, fatty acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides
-
Four types of macromolecules...
proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, RNA&DNA
-
Bacterial cell walls are made out of
peptidoglycan
-
A cell in a hypertonic solution will____H2O
lose
-
Bacterial cytoplamsic membranes are involved in food accumulation, _____, cell wall component synthesis, signal transduction , secretion
metabolic pathways
-
Peptidoglycan involves cross links between...
amino acid side chains
-
Cytoplasmic membrane, periplasm, cell wall
Gram positive
-
cytoplasmic membrane, periplasm, cell wall, (lipoprotein), phospholipid monolayer, lipopolysaccharide
Gram Negative Bacteria
-
Decline in nutrients or heat might cause...
spore formation
-
Chemotaxis works because the flagella tumbles______when there is food near
less
-
bacteria move by swimming (flagella), flexing (flagella in periplasm), _____ and swarming (flagella)
Gliding (no flagella)
-
In order to "glide" bacteria might extend and retract the...
pilus
-
E.coli has what type of chromosome
circuluar haploid
-
E.coli 's chromosome has how many genes?
5300
-
Ecoli's chromosome has how many strands?
two, double
-
A nucleotide pair has what molecular wieght
660 molecular weight / pair
-
E.coli's chromomsome is about how long?
1100 micro meters
-
E.coli has about how many nucleotides per strand?
4.6X10^6
-
EUKARYOTES: have a true nucleus, prokaryotes have a
nucleoid
-
Eucaryotes divide by mitosis, prokaryotes divide by
binary fission
-
Eukaryotes reproduce by sexual reproduction, meiosis, Prokaryotes...
have none or primitive sex
-
Eukaryotes have mitochondria, prokaryotes...
have none
-
Eukaryotes that are plants have chloroplasts, prokaryotes...
have none or chromatophores
-
Cell wall are only had by Eukaryotes that are____&_____
plants or fungi
-
Fungi cell walls are made of
chitin
-
plant cell walls are made of
cellulose
-
Eukaryotes have ribosomes 80s; prokaryotes have...
70s
-
Eukaryotes are 8 to 100 microns in diameter, prokaryotes are ...
1 to 3 microns
-
Germination of endospores (entails what?)
spores resume metabolism and form growing cells
-
Obligate aerobic
requires O2 (ex: pseudomonas aeruginosa)
-
microaerophilic
requires O2, but in low concentration (ex: neisseria gonorrhoeae
-
Facultative anaerobe
growth with or without O2, better with O2 (ex E. Coli)
-
Aerotolerant anaerobic
grow equally well with or without O2-Enterococcus fecalis
-
obligate anaerobic
cannot grow in O2 (clostridium tetani)
-
Number of bacteria after n divisions
=Nsub0*2^n
-
-
-
-
Used as a tissue preservative
formaldehyde
-
poisonous gas that kills bacteria
ethylene oxide
-
used in wound cleaning
Hydrogen peroxide
-
some heavy metals that kill bacteria are silver nitrate (AgNO3) and...
Mercury (Hg)
-
A disinfectant kills pathogens on objects while a _____ kills pathogens on the body
antiseptic
-
some acids that kill bacteria are propionic acid, calcium propionate, glutamic acid and
Monosodium glutamate
-
Some alcohols that denature the proteins of bacteria are ...
isopropyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, antiseptics
-
High absorbance (optical density) means
high turbidity
-
Death by drying
desiccation
-
Salvarsan
Original syphilis cure; arsenic derivative
-
Sulfa drugs (sulfonamides) work by...
disrupting folic acid synthesis
-
sulfa drugs pretend to be
para amino benzoic acid
-
What is the money spot of penicillin?
The beta-lactam ring
-
B lactam ring is a structural analog of
D-alanine-D-alanine
-
Reverse Transcriptase makes
DNA from RNA
-
antibiotic
something produced by one organism that is toxic to another
-
streptocycin inhibits
prokaryotic ribosome 70s
-
Azidothymidine (azt) works by
disrupting reverse transcription by being a structural analog of thymidine
-
high energy bond or anhydride bond refers to the covalent bond when
two acids condense
-
-
glycosidic bond
bonds between glycosides
-
Covalent bond between two sulfur atoms when two sulfhydryls are linked
disulfide bond (cystine bond)
-
covalent bond between two amino acids
peptide bond
-
D Glucose and L Glucose are
enantiomers
-
steroisomers have the same chemical formulas, same functional groups, but different...
geometry
-
These have two or more asymetric carbons and differ in orientation only around one asymetric carbon
diastereomers (epimers)
-
In enatiomers, D stands for
Dextrorotatory
-
In enantiomers, L stands for
Levorotatory
-
Adenine and Guanine are...
purines
-
cytosine, thymine, and uracil are
pyrimidines
-
N-glycosidic bonds are found in
mononucleotides
-
O-glycosidic bonds are found in
polysaccharides
-
When sequencing you cut up a bunch of chromosomes, clone in plasmids and phages, ________, close gaps between contigs, annotation
identify genes by comparing against known protein sequences
-
homology
degree of identity
-
orthologous proteins
similar proteins from different species
-
Annotation of DNA (in sequencing): You must find the protein coding regions, what criteria?
>79 codons, Shine -Dalgarno sequences
-
How do you make a DNA array/gene array/microarray/DNA chip
Put a bunch of fragments from PCR on a slide,(one for each ORF), Extract RNA from culture and make cDNA by reverse transcriptase under different conditions (with markers for each), Hybridize cDNA to microarrary to quantate cDNA per condition
-
The core gene pool codes for replication, transcription, ______, glycolysis, cell wall, etc
translation
-
The flexible gene pool codes for genomic islands, phages, plasmids, integrons, ________ insertion sequence
transposons
-
tissue tropism
adsorption only to certain tissues within the host animal
-
One the virus has entered the cell through endocytosis and is in the endosome, it can leave the endosome by...
fusion with the endosome, release by digestive enzymes, of (somehow) the DNA being sent out
-
DNA virus replication: Adsorption, penetration...
uncoating of the chromosome
-
DNA virus replication: uncoating of the chromosome...
transport into the nucleus
-
DNA virus replication: transport of chromosome into the nucleus...
circularization and transcription in the nucleus
-
DNA virus replication: circularization and transcription in the nucleus
translation in the cytoplasm & transport of viral proteins into the nucleus
-
DNA virus replication: Transport of viral proteins into nucleus
viral DNA replication by viral DNA polymerase
-
DNA viral replication: Viral DNA replication by viral DNA Polymerase
Assembly of nucleo-capsids in nucleus
-
DNA viral replication: assembly of nucleo-capsids in nucleus
insertion of viral envelope proteins in rough endoplasmic reticulum and from there to nuclear envelope
-
DNA virus replication: Insertion of viral envelope proteins in rough endoplasmic reticulum and from there to nucler membrance
budding fo nucleo-capsids from nucleus into rough er, acquiring envelope
-
DNA virus replication: budding of nuceo-capsids from nucleus into rough er, acquiring envelope
transport of complete virus to cytoplasmic membrane for exocytosis
-
Vaccina Virus
used to vaccinate people against smallpox
-
Chronic infection
replication goes on; symptoms mild or absent (HIV, Hepatitis B)
-
latent virus
virus stops replicating (Herpes 1 &2)
-
HHV 1 (Herpes Simplex Virus 1)
Fever blisters above the waist
-
HHV 2 (symptoms)
Genital herpes
-
HHV-3
Chicken Pox, Varicella Zoster
-
HHV-4
Epstein-Barr Virus-Infectious Mononucleosis;Burkett's Lymphoma in African Children
-
Neurotropic
grow in nerve cells
-
lymphtropic
grow in lymphatic cells
-
Cancer can be caused by ...
mutations and viruses
-
tumor (neoplasm)
mass of cells growing in an un-regulated way
-
sarcoma
connective tissue tumor
-
lymphoma
lymphocyte tumor
-
carcinoma
epithelial cell tumor
-
adenocarcinoma
epithelium of glands tumor
-
-
the structure of viroids...
circular, single-stranded, RNA molecule
-
virusoids require a ______in order to infect a cell
helper virus
-
Characteristic of virusoids
small, circular, SS RNA molecule, 1-2KB
-
virusoids usually code for
one or few genes
-
Prions are...
Proteinaceous Infectious Particles
-
Prions cause
Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) & Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
-
Dementia
loss of intellectual abilities
-
ataxia
loss of voluntary muscle control
-
Creutzfeldt-jakob disease (CJD)
uses Prions in humans
-
Chlamydia is .2-1.5 micrometers in diameter, spherical, non-motile, and has _____ cell wall
crosslinked disulfide bonded
-
Chlamydia life cycle: Elementary bodies, transmission/infection, phagocytosis to inclusion bodies,______, replication, differentiation into elementary bodies
reticulate bodies
-
Chlamydia trachomatis causes
trachoma and non-gonococcal urethritis
-
Chlamydia psittaci causes
Parrot fever
-
Rickettsia prowakekii causes
Louse-borne typhus
-
Rickettsi typhii causes
Typhus fever
-
Rickettsia rickettsii causes
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
-
Mycoplasmas are pleomorphic,_________, .1-.25 micrometers
bacteria without cell walls
-
because mycoplasmas have no cell walls, they grow only
with osmotic protection, such as in semi-solid media containing serum
-
Mycoplasm pneumoniae causes
pleuropneumoniae
-
Molds and yeasts are both
fungi
-
Fungi are eukaryotes, primitive plants, 5-10 micrometers in diameter, 5K genes, _____ cell walls, form spores, non-motile, saprophytes
chitin
-
saprophytes
decay dead creatures with hydrolytic enzymes
-
Molds are fungi that...
have hyphae, mycelium and make spores
-
molds can be coenocytic or
septate
-
Mushrooms are ...
basidiomycetes
-
Candida albicans causes vaginitis, ______, and diaper rash
candidiasis (thrush, moniliasis, white patches of mouth, tongue and vagina)
-
Humoral Immunity: Antigen Presenting Cell..
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
-
Cell Mediated Immunity: Antigen Presenting Cell
Major Histocompatibility Complex I
-
Humor immunity uses which T-cells
T-Helper-0 which differentiates into T-Helper-2
-
Cell Mediated Immunity: Uses which T-Helper
T-Helper-1
-
Humor Immunity uses which lymphokines
Interleukins 4,5,6
-
Cell Mediated Immunity uses which lymphokines?
Interleukin 2
-
A serum which contains only one antibody
Monoclonal antibody (mAb)
-
Monoclonal antibody (mAb)
A serum which contains only one antibody
-
Myeloma forms cells that are immortal and an
overproduction of plasma cells that pump out one specific antibody
-
overproduction of plasma cells that pump out one specific antibody
Myeloma forms cells that are immortal and an
-
in actice acquisition you make the antibodies yourself, in _______ you are given the antibodies
passive acquisition
-
passive acquisition
in actice acquisition you make the antibodies yourself, in _______ you are given the antibodies
-
Shine-Dalgarno sequence is a site in ________ that serves to position the messenger for proper initiation of translation
mRNA
-
mRNA
Shine-Dalgarno sequence is a site in ________ that serves to position the messenger for proper initiation of translation
-
regulon
a group of individual genes or operons which are subject to transcriptional control by a common regularoty protein
-
a group of individual genes or operons which are subject to transcriptional control by a common regularoty protein
regulon
-
Operator
A site in prokaryotic transcription that binds the repressor for negative control
-
A site in prokaryotic transcription that binds the repressor for negative control
Operator
-
Activator Binding Site:
A site in prokaryotic transcription that binds the activator for positive control
-
A site in prokaryotic transcription that binds the activator for positive control
Activator Binding Site:
-
promoter
a site in prokaryotic transcription that binds the sigma factor allowing transcription
-
a site in prokaryotic transcription that binds the sigma factor allowing transcription
promoter
-
What deals out phagocytosis?
Macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, etc?
-
Macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, etc?
What deals out phagocytosis?
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