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hemolytic disease of the newborn
when mother is RH- & fetus is RH+
Rhogam - RH agglutinin
blood transfusion reaction
agglutination of blood cells occurs
renal failure
RH
D antigen
discovered in Rhesus monkeys
+means D antigen present
- means D antigen absent
agglutination
clumping
platelets
thrombocytes
not true cells
fragments of larger cells called megakaryocytes - rupture & the little pieces are thrombocytes
used for blood clotting
if not used last 10 days
What happens when WBCs are presented with a pathogen?
WBCs begin to reproduce at a rate 2 1/2 x faster than normal - they are building an army to fight a pathogen
diapedesis
WBCs ability to leave the bloodstream
agranulocytes
lymphocytes
manocytes
granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
2 types of leukocytes
granulocytes
agranulocytes
leukocytes
WBCs are true cells - have a nucleus & organelles
defend the body against incoming pathogens
what does polycythemia cause?
increased viscosity of the blood & increased oxygen carrying capacity can also cause increased blood pressure
polycythemia
increase in RBCs #s
change in blood when anemic
irregular or low levels of hemoglobin
low levels of RBCs
anemia
a decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood
plasma - fluid portion
92% water
8% proteins & dissolved substances
physical characteristics of blood
sticky opaque fluid
metallic taste (because of metal ions)
8% of total body weight
more dense than water
5x more viscous (thick) than water
pH 7.35-7.45 (slightly basic)
~5L per person
color ranges from scarlet red (high O2) to dark red (low O2) depending on O2 content
temp is slightly higher than body temp 100.4'F
ratio of red to white blood cells
1000 RBC for every 1 WBC
whole blood
formed
elements
erythrocytes (RBCs) 45%
leukocytes (WBCs) <1%
thrombocytes (platelets) <1%
fluid portion
plasma 55%
what is blood?
connective tissue
what does blood regulate?
pH & water balance
the bloods defense
white blood cells
what does blood transport?
O2
CO2
nutrients
wastes
proteins
hormones
electrolytes
heat
general functions of blood
transport
defense
regulation
hemoglobin
attached to RBCs
pigment/protein that binds to oxygen
causes color change in blood
bi concave discs
this shape allows them (RBCs) to carry oxygen efficiently & to move through even the smallest capillaries easily
life cycle of erythrocyte
lives 120 days
when they die they're broken down by the liver & spleen & products are recycled
new ones are constantly reproduced in the red bone marrow & pushed into circulation to replace the worn out ones
erythrocytes
RBC
transports oxygen
in maturity has no nucleus (not true cells, no organelles)
can't divide
live ~ 120 days
can't leave the bloodstream
arteries
carry blood away from the heart
have thicker walls than veins because they must withstand higher blood pressure
usually carry oxygenated blood
veins
carry blood to the heart
have thinner walls than arteries
blood pressure is lower in them
they have valves that keep the blood flowing in one direction
usually carry deoxygenated blood
capillaries
smallest vessels in the body
walls are 1 cell layer thick
walls have pores so things can move in & out
found in the 'beds' between arteries & veins
each person has 50,000 miles in their body
exchange of nutrients, wastes, gases, hormones between blood & tissues at this level
how does the heart beat?
both atria contract together
push blood into ventricles
both ventricles contract together
lub
blood flows through the tricuspid and the bicuspid is closing
dup
R & L semilunar valves close
EKG
electrocariogram
graphical representation of the elctrical activity of the heart
sinus rhythm
shows the events of one complete heart beat
both atria contract & relax
both ventricles contract & relax
deflection waves
P wave
QRS complex
T wave
P wave
atrial contraction
QRS complex
ventricles contraction
atrial relax (hidden)
t wave
ventricles relax
hepatic portal circulation
in the liver
filtering system
all of the blood from the digestive organs (with possible toxins) makes a pit stop in the liver where it gets filtered before returning to the heart.
2 structures in the fetal heart that allow for bypass of the pulmonary circuit
foramen ovale
ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale
in the interatrial septum oxygenated blood from R atrium goes over to the L side
this structure closes and becomes the fossa ovalis
ductus arteriosus
a duct that connects pulmonary artery & aorta
after birth this structure closes and is called the ligamentum arteriosum
pulmonary circuit
blood travels from heart to lungs and back to heart
systemic circuit
blood travels from heart to body & back to the heart
pulmonary circuit and the fetus
not needed in a fetus
they are collapsed
the placenta exchanges O2 & CO2
when baby takes first breath the lungs inflate
pressure changes in heart & fetal heart structures close
Author
mattnjaneal
ID
142609
Card Set
A&P I
Description
circulatory and veins
Updated
2012-03-21T19:10:35Z
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