A&P I

• when mother is RH- & fetus is RH+
• Rhogam - RH agglutinin

• agglutination of blood cells occurs
• renal failure

• D antigen
• discovered in Rhesus monkeys
• +means D antigen present
• - means D antigen absent

clumping

• thrombocytes
• not true cells
• fragments of larger cells called megakaryocytes - rupture & the little pieces are thrombocytes
• used for blood clotting
• if not used last 10 days

WBCs begin to reproduce at a rate 2 1/2 x faster than normal - they are building an army to fight a pathogen

WBCs ability to leave the bloodstream

• lymphocytes
• manocytes

• neutrophils
• eosinophils
• basophils

• granulocytes
• agranulocytes

• WBCs are true cells - have a nucleus & organelles
• defend the body against incoming pathogens

increased viscosity of the blood & increased oxygen carrying capacity can also cause increased blood pressure

increase in RBCs #s

• irregular or low levels of hemoglobin
• low levels of RBCs

a decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood

• 92% water
• 8% proteins & dissolved substances

• sticky opaque fluid
• metallic taste (because of metal ions)
• 8% of total body weight
• more dense than water
• 5x more viscous (thick) than water
• pH 7.35-7.45 (slightly basic)
• ~5L per person
• color ranges from scarlet red (high O2) to dark red (low O2) depending on O2 content
• temp is slightly higher than body temp 100.4'F

1000 RBC for every 1 WBC

• formed elements
• erythrocytes (RBCs) 45%
• leukocytes (WBCs) <1%
• thrombocytes (platelets) <1%
• fluid portion
• plasma 55%

connective tissue

pH & water balance

white blood cells

• O2
• CO2
• nutrients
• wastes
• proteins
• hormones
• electrolytes
• heat

• transport
• defense
• regulation

• attached to RBCs
• pigment/protein that binds to oxygen
• causes color change in blood

this shape allows them (RBCs) to carry oxygen efficiently & to move through even the smallest capillaries easily

• lives 120 days
• when they die they're broken down by the liver & spleen & products are recycled
• new ones are constantly reproduced in the red bone marrow & pushed into circulation to replace the worn out ones

• RBC
• transports oxygen
• in maturity has no nucleus (not true cells, no organelles)
• can't divide
• live ~ 120 days
• can't leave the bloodstream

• carry blood away from the heart
• have thicker walls than veins because they must withstand higher blood pressure
• usually carry oxygenated blood

• carry blood to the heart
• have thinner walls than arteries
• blood pressure is lower in them
• they have valves that keep the blood flowing in one direction
• usually carry deoxygenated blood

• smallest vessels in the body
• walls are 1 cell layer thick
• walls have pores so things can move in & out
• found in the 'beds' between arteries & veins
• each person has 50,000 miles in their body
• exchange of nutrients, wastes, gases, hormones between blood & tissues at this level

• both atria contract together
• push blood into ventricles
• both ventricles contract together

blood flows through the tricuspid and the bicuspid is closing

R & L semilunar valves close

• electrocariogram
• graphical representation of the elctrical activity of the heart

• shows the events of one complete heart beat
• both atria contract & relax
• both ventricles contract & relax

• P wave
• QRS complex
• T wave

atrial contraction

• ventricles contraction
• atrial relax (hidden)

ventricles relax

• in the liver
• filtering system
• all of the blood from the digestive organs (with possible toxins) makes a pit stop in the liver where it gets filtered before returning to the heart.

• foramen ovale
• ductus arteriosus

• in the interatrial septum oxygenated blood from R atrium goes over to the L side
• this structure closes and becomes the fossa ovalis

• a duct that connects pulmonary artery & aorta
• after birth this structure closes and is called the ligamentum arteriosum

blood travels from heart to lungs and back to heart

blood travels from heart to body & back to the heart

• not needed in a fetus
• they are collapsed
• the placenta exchanges O2 & CO2
• when baby takes first breath the lungs inflate
• pressure changes in heart & fetal heart structures close