health psych 1

testing and psychotherapy for emotional problems

clinical uses of techniques derived from experimental analysis of behavior

• improved prevention
• diagnosis
• treatment

skinner

• rats
• pushing a lever = shock = avoid
• + and - reinforcement

Yale university conference in 1977

relation between mind and body

sigmound freud

clinical experience and hunches

• enhancement of health
• prevention and treatment of disease
• identify risk factors
• improve health care system
• shape public opinion

specialty within the field of psychology concerned with physical health

traditional view of western medicine which defines health as the absense of disease

• identify pathogen
• remove pathogen
• health restored

disease causing organism

biopsychosocial model

• biological
• psychological
• social influences

biomedical model

health and disease

• 1/3 of life do what you want
• 1/3 of life counteracting what you did with the first 1/3 or don't get last 1/3 of life

psychologists and specialists

• around for centuries
• not investigated till recently

expectancy and learning

the experiementers knows the participants don't

neither the experimentors or participants know.

• descriptive research between two variables
• describe the relationship

• almost perfect
• stronger

cause and effect

condition as it is now

test then and test now

• speed
• incabable of revealing changes over time

cause and effect

comparison of two groups, referred to as control and experiment

• cause and effect
• dependent and independent variables

control

experiemental

one of several types of experimental studies, resembles an experiement in some ways but differs from others

variables

• often
• variable of interest with select particpants who already differ on this variable - subject variable
• ethics = big problem

branch of medicine that investigates factors contributing to increased health or the occurance of disease

proportion of population that has a particular disease or condition at a specific time

measures the frequency of the new cases during a specified period

• observational studies
• randomized controlled trials
• natural experiements

analzye the occurance of a specific disease in a given population

population of disease-free participants and follow thenm over period of time to determine whether a given condition such as: cig smoking is related lung cancer later on

begin with a group who is suffering from a particular disease or disorder and then look backward for characteristics that differ from people who don't have the condition

case-control studies

experiments

participants pick what group their in : control/experiment

researcher picks independent variable and does not manipulate it

allows researchers to evaluate many research studies on the same topic, even if research methods are different

• prospective study of a single community to identify health practices that protect against death and disease
• -70's

refers to the ratio of the incidence or prevelance of disease in an exposed group to the incidence or prevelance of that disease in an unexposed group

refers to persons chances of developing a disease or disorder independent of other people having the disease or disorder

• is a direct consistant association between independent variable such as behavior and dependent variable such as disease
• -higher dose= higher risk

extent to which it yields consistant results

extent to which an instrument measures what it is suppose to measure

beliefs are important contributers to health seeking behaviors

• susceptibility
• severity
• benefits
• barriers

assumes that people are generally reasonable and make systematic use of information when deciding how to behave

• beliefs
• attitudes
• intention
• behavior

before diagnosis, activities undertaken by people who experience symptoms but who have not recieved a diagnosis

term applied to the behavior of people after diagnosis

women

• age
• gender
• stress
• economic level

• cost
• location
• gender
• culture

• stress
• avaiability
• treated as non-person

• rights:
• make decision concerning health care
• excempt from normal duties
• dependent on others

• Duties:
• maintain health
• perform routine health care management
• use range of health care resources

• concerns and comments overlooked
• identities overlooked
• lack of information

• assesses the tendency to appraise health-related information in an irrational manner
• -reflect bias
• -inconsistant

positive stimuli added to the situation increasing probability the behavior will occur

changes behavior by decreasing chances that a behavior will be repeated

behavior strengthened by removal of unpleasent valued stimuli

compliance when told what to do

• severity
• duration of TX
• medication side effects

• age
• gender
• social support

• confidence of MD
• MD is warm
• bidirectional communication

peoples beliefs in their capability to exericise measures of control over their own functioning

• enviroment
• person
• behavior

the patients behaviors that conform to physicians orders

where chemicals are released

paraNS(nonstressful) and SNS (emergency)

fight or flight response

Tend and befriend (nuturing and providing support)

General Adaption Syndrome

the bodies generalized attempt to defend itself against noxious agents

• alarm reaction
• resistance stage
• exhaustion stage

transactional model

refers to the relationship between person and enviroment

not what happened to you but what you think happened to you

• personally important
• vulnerable
• belief of no cope

• social readajustment rating scale
• daily hassle index for college students

• stress had less of an effect if the person had a hardy personality
• -commitment
• -internal locus
• -stressors = challenges

• diaster events
• life events
• daily hassles

neurotransmitter

chemicals secreted by glands of endocrine system

hormone that exerts wide range of effects on major organs in body

(adrenaline) - produced by adrenal medulla and accounts for 80% of the hormones of the adrenal gland

• primary
• secondary
• reappraisal

interactions between hypothalamis and pituatary and adrenal glands

linking stress to illness via immune system

used classical conditioning on rats using saccharine as a suppressent

virus that damages the immune system creating a defiency that leaves the person vulnerable to variety of diseases

disease caused by HIV which destroys the Tcells and macrophages in the immune system

model suggesting that some people are vulnerable to stress-diseases because of their genetic weaknesses

characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor

depression or PTSD

recurrent attacks of pain that vary widely in intensity, frequency, and duration

how the immune system is spread out throughout the body

chronic inflammatory disease of the joints

the substance that causes the immune system to produce antibodies against it

• mylinated, conduct neural impulses faster then unmylinated C-fibers
• easily stimulated and larger than A-delta

• require more stimulation to fire
• stimulation results in slower developing sensation of burning or dull aching

pain that last months or years

• pain that results of injury
• rapid onset
• sudden inflammation

strange pain following amputation

the system that conveys information from the body to the brain

naturally occuring chemicals in the brain that affect pain perception

the gate control theory

spinal cord as a gate for sensory input that the brain interprets as pain

relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness

developed for single definition more objective than asumption