Psych 101 test 4

awareness of internal and external stimuli

device that monitors the electrical activitiy of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attacted to the surface of the scalp

height

cycles per second (CPS)

under 4 cps... consistent with deep sleep

4-7 cps associated with light sleep

8-12 cps related to deep relaxation, blank mindedness, and meditation

13-24 cps Normal waking thought, alert problem solving state of mind

periodic fluctuations in pyhsiological functioning.

24 hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species

sends signal to the pineal gland which secretes meletonin, which plays a key role in the adjustment of biological clocks

records muscular activity and tension

records eye movements

muscular contractions that occur as people fall asleep occur during staqe one drowsiness

brief bursts of higher-frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep

consists of sleep stages 3 and 4 during which high-amplitude, low frequency delta waves become prominent in eeg recordings

A relatively deep stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high-frequency, low amplitude beta brain waves, and vivd dreaming

stages 1-4 which are marked by an absence of rapid eye movements, relatively little dreaming, and varied eeg activity

babies sleeping in the same bed as their parents

the afferent (arriving) nerve fibers running through the reticular formation that influences physiological arousal.

chronic problems in getting adequate sleep

sudden and irresistable onset of sleep during normal waking periods

frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person and disrupts sleep.

anxiety arousing DREAMS that lead to awakening from rem sleep hard to get back to sleep

abrupt awakenings from nonrem sleep acompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feelins of panic usually no recollection of a dream, but they'll let our a cry or bolt upright... sleep easy

sleepwalking

contents of waking life that tend to spill into dreams

fulfilling unconscious urges and ungratified needs though wishful thinking in dreams.

the plot of a dream at a surface level

the hidden or disguised meaning of the events in a plot ie walking into a cave is having sex

dreams are the side effect of the neural activation that produces beta brain waves during rem sleep... the cortex constructs a dream to make sense of the signals

continuity exists between waking and sleeping thought and dreams allow people ot engage in creative thinging about pressing personal issues because they aren't restrained by logic or realism

systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility

the capacity to reduce of block peripleral awarness and marrow the focus of on'es attention

the apility to spearate aspects of percetion, memorty, or identity, from the mainstream of conscious awareness

the tendency to accept directions and infrmation relatedlet uncritically

the pain relief that comes from hypnosis

auditory or visual hallucinations that are not there, or a failure to recognize stimuli that are obviously present

reduced inhibitions due to hypnosis

the inablility to remember what happened during a hypnotic trance due to the hypnosis saying something along the lines of... you won't remember a thing when you wake up

splitting off of mental pcovesses into two separate silultaneous streams of awareness

a familt of practices that train attentino to heighten awaremess and bring cmental processes under greater voluntary control

chemical substances that modify metal, emotional or behavioral functioning

drugs perived from opium that relieve pain

sleep-inducing drugs that dtent to devreas CNS activatioin and behavoiural activity

increase CNS activation and behavioural activity

have powerful effects on mental and emotional functionig, marked most prominently by distortions in sensory and perceptual experience

the hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish, and thc are derived

a variety of beverages containing ethyl alcohol

a compound drug related to amphetamines and hallucinogens, especially mescaline

a progressive decrease in a person's resposiveness to a drug

whena person has to take a drug to avoid withdrawl symptoms

has to take a drug to satisfy intense mental/emotional cravings

people can think clearly about the circumstances of waking life and the fact that they are dreaming, yet they remain asleep in the midst of a vivid dream

cicular reasoning... he's an alcoholic because he drinks too much

The problem solving view of dreaming

rosalind cartwRIGHT thought that dreams were used to find the RIGHT answers to life's problems

med student interested in dreams REM sleep associated with dreaming sprayed water on the hands of people in REM and noted that if they didn't wake up, they would encorporate the water into their dream

dEM sleep gives you wet willies

wish fulfillment in dreams distinguishing between manifest and latent dream content levels of awareness... unconscious vs conscious

analyzed content of dreams and concluded they're actually fairly mundane

calvin hALL analyzed ALL of the dreams

hypnosis creates a disociation in consciousness

hilgard is getting VERY sleepy... The hills have eyes that are getting VERY sleepy... the guard is getting VERY sleepy

activation-synthesis model of dreaming

Allan in J Allan Hobson's name is a SIDE EFFECT of him disliking his first name

Stream of Consciousness

the sequence of age-realted changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death

one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and egg

from conception to birth

the first phase of prenatal development encompassing the first two weeks after conception in human development

structure that allows oxygen and nutreints to pass into the fetus from the mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother

second stage of prenatal development lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month

from the second month til the end of pregnancy

age at which a baby can survive in the event of premature birth usually 22 to 26 weeks with 22 at 14% and 26 at 80%

a collection of congential problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy

progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

head to food direction of motor development seen in babies that learn to crawl before they walk

center outward trend seen in babies turing their whole body to center their attention on something, but todlers use just their appendages.

development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint

indicated the typical (median) age at which individuals display behaviors and abilities... but they shouldn't be taken as when a baby HAS TO do something... they're averages

characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity

observes one group of participants repeatededly over a period of time

compare groups of participants of differeing age at a single point in time

differences between age groups are due to the groups growing up in different time periods

40% happy babies

15% less happy babies

10% glum, erratic babies

the close emotional bond of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers

emotional distress seen in many infants when they are spearated from people whit whom they have formed an attachment develops around 2-3 mo and peaks off around 14-18 mo

developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behavior are eshibited and ccertain capacities become established

trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame and doubt inititive vs guilt industry vs inferiority identity vs confusion intimacy vs isolation generality vs self absoprtion integrity vs despair

transtions in youngster's patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving.

sensorimotor period preoperational period concrete operational period formal operational period

when a child recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible

awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearnace

tehndency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects

inability to invision reversion of an action

thinkging is characterized by a limited ability to share another person's view point... ie, Jasmine... does your sister Laurel have a sister? Nope.

thinking all things are living

the gap between what a learnier can accomplish alone and what her of she can acheive with guidence from more skilled partner

punishment orientation naive reward orentation good boy oreintation autority oreintation social contract oreintation individual principles and conscience oreintation

the two year span before puberty where chanves leading to physical and sexual changes take place

physical features that distinguich one sex from the other byt rhtat are not essential for reproduction ie bigger muscles, voice drop, and facial hair for boys

stage during which sexual functions reach maturity

structures necessary for reproduction

the first occurence of mensturation

first ejaculation

Identitydiffusion identity moratorium identity foreclosure identitiy acheivement

abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment

involves basic reasoning ability, memory capacity, and speed of info processiong

involves the ability to apply acquirred knowledge and skills in problem solving

biologically based catergories of male or female

culturally constructed catergories of male or female

widely held beliefes about female's and male's abilities personality traits, and social behaviors.

actual disparities between the sexes in typical behavior or average ability

acquisition of the norms and behaviors expected of people in a particular society

expectations about what is appropoiate behavior for each sex

types of attachment... secure is the most common then there are also anxious ambivalent and avoidant

Ainsworth says it's WORTH it to try to develop secure attachment

there is an evolutionary basis for attachment... babies are programmed to do stuff that will help elicit responses that will foster attachment and caregivers are programmed to respond to the babies in ways that will foster attachment

John bowlby is the father of malia bowlby-trick she wore a BOW when she was little, that made her cute, that made his internal programming want to protect her

personality develops over the whole life in eight stages that involve conflicting tendencies

Erik vs erikson plus eight.

attachment of infant rheus monkeys where the babies would run to the mother that could provide tactile comfort, rather than food when introduced to something new

Harry Harlow played with the HARRY mokeys, and saw that attachment to the wire mother weR LOW

inhibited or uninhibited temperment

even if you usually have an inhibited temperment, you'll usually loosen up at a KAGEr

Stages of morality development that involve three levels pre/conventional/post, each with two stages... so six stages total

Although Kohlberg can be broken into two parts that make him sound cold, he was actually a very moral person

child development of problem solving in four stages

PiAGEt says that their AGE doesn't really matter, but that each child goes through these problem solving stages in the same order

Longitudinal study of temperment that became the landmark of the separation of the three temperment types: easy, slow to warm up, and difficult

THOMAS is easy to remember, but STELLA will be slower to recall, and CHESS is a difficult game

Sociocultural theory children's cognitive development is fueled by social interations with parents and others and culture determines how cognitive processes unfold. also developed concept of zone of proximal development

Vygotsky could unfold in multiple spellings on the test, so hopefulmy spelling will be proximal enough that it'll be counted correctly.

an individual's unique constellation of sonsistent behavioral traits

a durable disposition to behavice in aparticular way in a variety of situations

correlation among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables

extraversion neuroticism openness to experience agreeableness conscientiousness

all the diverse theories that descended for the work of Sigmund Freud which focus on unconsious mental forces

primitive instinctive component of personalit that operates according the the pleasure principle

demands instant gratification of urges

primitive, illogical, irrational, fantasy based thinking

decsision making component of mersonality that operates according to the reality principle

seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found

relatively rational, realistic, and oriented toward problem solving

moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong

whatever one is aware of

material just beneath the surface of awareness and is easily retrieved, ie middle name

below level of awareness that contains thoughts, memories, and desires

unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasent emotions such as anxiety and guilt

creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior ie, i have to steal this food or my child will starve because I have no other means for obtaining food

keeping distressing thoughts and feeligs buried in the unconsious

attributing one's thoughts and feelsing onto others... ie you like your co-worker, but you have a boyfriend, so the sexual tension is there because HE wants YOU instead of the way it really is

diverting emotional feelings from their original source to a substitute target ie Tani get's all of my anger

behaving in a wat that's exactly opposite of on'es true feelings ie homophobic reations because th maybe sort of have a crush on their best friend

reversion to immature patterns of behavior

bolstering self esteem by forming an imaginary of really allience with some person or group ie, idolizing kelly clarkson or joining a country club

developmental periods whth a characteristic sexual focus that elave their mark on adult personality

a failure to move forwads from one stage to another as expected

children manifest eriotically tinged desires for teir opposite sex parent accompanied by feelings of hostility towards their same sex parent

Carl Jung's version of Frued's psychoanalytic theory

material that is not within on'es consious awareness because it's been repressed, much like freuds unconsious

not actal memories, but a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral pasts

emotinally charged images and thought forms that have universal meanings

magic circle

belief that source of human motivation is a striving for superiority

universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges

efforts to overcome imagined of real inferioirities bdeveloping one's abilities

The order in which someone is born into a family. ie, I am a first child, Laurel is a second and and a youngest child. first suggested that it might play a role in personality by Alfred Adler due to always being in his big brother's shadow.

oral anal pahllic latent genital

theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior

a collection of response tendencies (consistent patterns of behavior) that are tied to various stimulus situations

A vein in behaviorism that acknowledges the fact that people very much are cognitive beings and that cognitive processes help shape a person's behavior

the idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence one another

things like books or food that give clues to a person's personality

occurs when an organism resonding is influenced by the observation of others who are called models

a person who's beahvoir is observed by another

people act one way in a certain situation, but very differently in another situation

on'es belief about on'es ability to perform beahviors that should lead to expected outcome...

a therortical approach that emphasizes the unique qualities of hmans especially their freedom, and potential for personal growth.

assumes that one has to appreicate individuals personal, subjective esperiences to trulyunderstand their beahvionr

Carl rogers introduced this type of psychology that focuses on people's subjective views

collection of beliefs tabout one's won nature, unique qualities, and typial behavior

degree of disparity between on'es self concept and once's actual experience

systematic arrangement of needs, according to priorty, in which basic needs must be met before less basic meeds are aroused.

the need to fulfill on'es potential

peooiple with exceptionally healthy personalities marked by continued personal growth

tries to explain why people need self seteem and goes on to say that we need it because when we're faced with our eminent death, we need a way to cope with that. Our culture is what saves us by providing continuity before us and after us

thinking about one's own death

personality tests that ask individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behaviors

The most widely used self report that measures 10 personality traits that... when exhibited in an extreme degree.... are thought to be symptoms of disorders

187 item scale that assesses 16 basic dimensions of personality

personality test that looks at the big five

ask participants to respond to vauge, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal the subjects' needs feelings and personality traits ie inkblot tests

developed individual psychology based on the notion that people's motivation is striving for superiority and claimed that birth order has an effect on personality

ALFREDo is superior to spaghetti because it came Af/dt/lER

Helped reshape the theoretical landscape of behaviorism by acknowledging that cognitive processes shape someone's behaviors. Suggested that people's behaviors are largely influenced by observational learning

I THINK I could learn to speak with a spanish accent by observing antonio BANDURA

believed that personality was based on a heirarchy of traits, but that those traits are largely genetic

I inherited my HANdS EYeS and NeCK from my mother because they're higher than my toes

id ego superego theory that deals with levels of consciousness

Similar to Freud's psychoalaytic theory in the fact that there are differing levels of consciousness, however, includes a second level of unconscious thought that includes inherited symbols and stuff that resonates with everyone

we found these symbols in the JUNGle, in caves, and all over the world

developed the theory of self actualization that states there is a hierarchy of needs. things like needing to go to the bathroom will overcome your need to be the worlds best actress. However, everyone is striving to attain the highest level that they can

Some people believe that going to MASs will alLOW them to become the best that they can be

came up with the big five

both MCRAE and COSTA have five letters in their last names

claimed that people act one way in a certain situation, and differently in a separate situation

MISCHELle from full house acts like a brat towards her sisters, but then puts on her goo goo eyes for her daddy

Humanist approach to psychology that bases things on people's subjective views of the world and states that if parents love their children unconditionally, there will be higher rates of congruency between the actual experience and a person's self-concept

Mr. ROGERS seemed to have been loved unconditionally because his rate of congruency is very high

Behaviorist that believed people's personalities were a symptom of operant conditioning. ie, if a person tells a joke and people laugh, they're more likely to tell jokes and become a "funny" person