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Define the nursing process in 4 points.
- 1. decision-making approach that enhances critical
- 2. thinking. is the focus of nursing care addresses the
- 3. response of the client to illness primary purpose of NCP
- 4. is communication with the health care team
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What are some methods of data collection used in assessment?
- Sources of data:
- Client – usually most reliable
- Family & significant others
- Medial records other nurses
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Define critical thinking.
- Purposeful,
- outcome-directed thinking
- judge using scientific evidence
- Self-directed thinking what to believe or do in certain situations
- Evidenced-based nrsg care based on research and critical thinking
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Characteristics of acute pain:
- sudden onset,
- usually temporary
- usually localized
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3 Types of Acute Pain:
- Somatic pain
- Visceral pain
- Referred pain
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Describe somatic pain:
- sharp, cutting, burning, or dull and diffuse,
- cuteaneous, tissue, muscles, bones, skin,
- relieved by topical stuff
- accompanied by nausea and vomiting
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Describe visceral pain:
- deep,
- dull
- poorly localized
- hypotension
- restlessness
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Describe referred pain:
- perceived in an area distant from the site
- i.e. heart attack, - left arm
- gallbladder stones - right shoulder
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Body response to acute pain:
- Stressor -
- initiates fight-or-flight, automatic response pain can cause anxiety and vise versa
- Physical responses –
- increased heart rate rapid, shallow respir dilated pupils sweaty
- Psychological response
- anxiety/fear
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Describe the characteristics of chronic pain:
- prolonged, usually lasting longer than 6 months
- not always an ID cause
- Lowers pain threshold
- depression of serotonin and endorphin levels leads to depression and irritability
- More complex & poorly understood than acute pain
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Describe the body's response to chronic pain:
- Physiologic adaptation results in normal vital signs Hormonal stress responses persists, higher blood pressure
- Person develops depression, withdrawal, irritability, immobility, & may be demanding & controlling
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Descrive neuropathic pain:
- pain caused by damage to the CNS or PNS.
- Includes:
- i) phantom pain, burning, tingling,
- ii) peripheral neuropathy,
- most commonly caused by a complication of DM
- carpal tunnel
- post shingles
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Describe breakthrough pain:
exceeds baseline treated pain getting pain meds, but pain comes back before next dose
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Describe psychogenic pain:
- experienced in the absence of any diagnosed physiologic cause or event.
- very real
- leads to physiological changes
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What is a pain threshold?
- a person's preception of pain
- all people precieve pain at about the same intensity
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What is pain tolerance?
- The amount of pain a person can endure before outwardly responding to it.
- It's very individual.
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T or F
Pain is a result, not a cause.
False, pain has an effect on healing.
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T or F
Chronic pain is really a masked form of depression.
F
They are 2 different things, but can co exist.
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T or F
Narcotic medication is too risky to be used to treat chronic pain.
- F
- Others should be tried first, but narcotics should be considered if necessary.
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T or F
It is best to wait until a client has pain before giving medications
- F
- anticipate pain, lowers the amount of pain, keeps pain under control
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T or F
Many clients lie about the existence or severity of their pain.
- F
- in general few clients lie about pain
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T or F
Postoperative pain is best treated with IM injections.
- F
- not true,
- best is probably IV
- then oral,
- IM least helpful
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T or F
Pain relief interferes with diagnosis.
- F
- no proof, doesn't mask symptoms
- except sometimes head injury shouldn't give pain relief
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