Biology

• 360mya
• Produced wood
• heterosporous
• didn't produce seeds
• EXTINT

• 305mya
• -Ginko
• -Cycads
• -gnetophytes
• -cornifers ("naked seeds")

• 140mya
• -Amborella
• -Water lillies
• -Monocots
• -Eudicots
• Flowering plants
• SD traits
• -flowers
• -fruit

• NO, they are a shared derived trait of angiosperms
• Shared derived traits are relative to the ENTIRE clade

True

A SD trait can be unique to a clade

False.

Wings are a SD of birds, but also for bats and insects.

B. Butterflies

• They are the closes on the phylogeny tree.
• Draw out the phylogeny tree and circle.

True

I have no clue why

A. Basidomycetes

Phyl. Tree: draw it and circle

• Amborella
• Water lilies
• Star anise

• Cenozoic
• .01mya-65mya

Protection- to keep from drying our

Dispersal- move away from the parent

Protects and nourishes the gametophytes

Enhances the ability for plants to survive and reproduce in diverse, terrestrial, even dry environments

• protect from drying out
• nutrients

• Seeds are multicellular
• more resistant structure
• has food supply
• and protective coat

• The production of two different types of spores in plants:
• -Megaspores
• -Microspores

• Symbiotic
• Cyanobacteria
• Green algea

• "pioneer" of life form
• Starters in process of succession
• Nitrogen Fixation
• Food for artic grazers
• Environmental "canaries"

animal fungal infections

• Decomposers and recyclers
• Antibiotics
• Food

• know what zygosporangium, basidocarps and asci are and when they occur
• descriv rols of fungi

• Amoevozoans
• Opisthokonts
• -fungi
• -nucleariids
• -animals
• -choanoflagellates

• "collared flagellate"
• Heterotrophic
• Free-living and sessile
• Unicellular and some colonial
• sister taxa to animals

545ish mya

• Ecological causes- predator-prey relationships
• Geological causes- atmo. oxy increased =more active metabolism
• Genetic causes- a SD in animals Hox Genes

• 1.Multicellular
• 2. Digest internally
• 3. Sexual reproduction, diploid dominant
• 4. Embryonic development of tissues
• 5. No cell walls- collagen holds cells together
• 6. Nerve and muscle cells
• 7. Hox genes

• A multicellular hollow ball
• specific regions give rise to specific components

Layers of embryonic tissuse are produced that will develop into adult body parts

• True
• Animals have no cell wall, so collagen is used to hold the cells together

• Unique to animals
• 4 "clusters", 3 seperate mutations
• --1 before
• --craniates
• --vertebrae
• --naxasomes

• -Further Reduced Gametophyte, which is now dependent on sporophyte for nutrients and protection
• -Seeds
• -Heterospory
• -Pollen Grains
• -Ovule

yeah just know it:(

• Notochord
• Dorsal hollow nerve cord
• Pharyngeal slits
• Muscular, post-anal tail

• A longitudinal, flexible rod
• located between the digestive tuve and the nerve cord
• Provides skeletal support

• Develops into the vertebrate
• Solid and usually ventral
• Develops into the central nervous system=Brain and spinal cord

• Allow water that enters the mouth to exit without entering digestive tract
• suspension-feeding in invertebrate chordates
• Modified into gills in vert.
• Tetrapods-Develop into parts of the ear and other structures in the head and neck

• helps aquatic species swim
• Reduced during development in many groups

• Aquatic
• Suspension feeders
• Keep the characteristics of the chordat body plan as adults

• Sessile
• Planktonic
• Some colonial
• Hermaphroditic
• Suspension feeders

• Chordates with skulls
• Highly developed heads evolved independently in other animals
• HOX gene

• Brain,eyes, skull
• Two cluster of HOX genes
• Duplicated families genes
• Neural crest
• Pharyngeal clefs evolved into gills
• More active
• Two-chambered heart

• Tissues of the neural crest give rise to variety of craniate structures:
• -Teeth
• -Some of the vones and cartliage of the skull
• -Inner layer of sking (dermis)
• -Several types of neurons
• -Sensory capsules which eyes and other sense organs develop

hagfish

• hagfishes (myxini)
• Lampreys (Petromyzontida)
• Sharks, rays, chimaeras (Chondrichthyes)

Hagfishes (Myxini)

• No vertebrae
• Cartilaginous cranium
• Notochord as adult
• Scavengers
• Slime Glands
• Teeth made of Keratin

• Another HOX gene- vertebrate
• A backbone than encloses spinal cord

• Lampreys
• They are also the oldest linving lineage of vertebrates

• Only 35 specias
• Suspension-feeding larvae
• Adults are parasitic
• No real jaw
• Cartliage skeleton (including vertebrae)

• Started as unmineralized cartilage
• Then mineralized developing bone
• Started with the teeth
• armor was derived from dental mineralization

• Jaws-Hinged, with teeth
• HOX gene duplication
• Beginnings of mineralized skeleton
• Lateral line systems (sensitive to vibrations; in water only)

• 360-400 mya
• "The age of Fishes"

• Diverse
• Coelomates
• open Circulatory system
• Seperate sexes
• aquatic (mostly)

• Foot
• Visceral mass
• mantle
• Radula