-
Progymnosperms
- 360mya
- Produced wood
- heterosporous
- didn't produce seeds
- EXTINT
-
gymnosperms
- 305mya
- -Ginko
- -Cycads
- -gnetophytes
- -cornifers ("naked seeds")
-
Angiosperms
- 140mya
- -Amborella
- -Water lillies
- -Monocots
- -Eudicots
- Flowering plants
- SD traits
- -flowers
- -fruit
-
Are flowers shared derived traits of seed plants?
- NO, they are a shared derived trait of angiosperms
- Shared derived traits are relative to the ENTIRE clade
-
T/F
IF a trait is unique to a group of animals it is a shared derived trait.
True
A SD trait can be unique to a clade
-
T/F
A shared derived trait is always unique to a clade.
False.
Wings are a SD of birds, but also for bats and insects.
-
Which of the following share the most recent common ancestor with squid?
B. Butterflies
- They are the closes on the phylogeny tree.
- Draw out the phylogeny tree and circle.
-
T/F
Basidocarps develop after plasmogamy.
True
I have no clue why
-
The closest relatices to ascomycetes are:
A. Basidomycetes
Phyl. Tree: draw it and circle
-
Basal Angiosperms
- Amborella
- Water lilies
- Star anise
-
Rise and radiation of angiosperms, mammals, primates and human evolution:
-
Two types of land adaptations and why
Protection- to keep from drying our
Dispersal- move away from the parent
-
Sporophyte
Protects and nourishes the gametophytes
-
The importance of the evolution of seed production
Enhances the ability for plants to survive and reproduce in diverse, terrestrial, even dry environments
-
What do gametophytes do?
- protect from drying out
- nutrients
-
Advantages of seeds over spores
- Seeds are multicellular
- more resistant structure
- has food supply
- and protective coat
-
Heterospory
- The production of two different types of spores in plants:
- -Megaspores
- -Microspores
-
Lichen
- Symbiotic
- Cyanobacteria
- Green algea
-
Benefits of lichen
- "pioneer" of life form
- Starters in process of succession
- Nitrogen Fixation
- Food for artic grazers
- Environmental "canaries"
-
Mycosis
animal fungal infections
-
Importance of Fungi
- Decomposers and recyclers
- Antibiotics
- Food
-
Draw asexual and sexual reproductive cycles
Know the morp. of fungi
Draw phyl. of Unikonta and fungi
- know what zygosporangium, basidocarps and asci are and when they occur
- descriv rols of fungi
-
Clades within Unikonta
- Amoevozoans
- Opisthokonts
- -fungi
- -nucleariids
- -animals
- -choanoflagellates
-
Choanoflagellates
- "collared flagellate"
- Heterotrophic
- Free-living and sessile
- Unicellular and some colonial
- sister taxa to animals
-
Cambrian Explosion
and Hypothesis for reason why
545ish mya
- Ecological causes- predator-prey relationships
- Geological causes- atmo. oxy increased =more active metabolism
- Genetic causes- a SD in animals Hox Genes
-
Characteristic of Animals
- 1.Multicellular
- 2. Digest internally
- 3. Sexual reproduction, diploid dominant
- 4. Embryonic development of tissues
- 5. No cell walls- collagen holds cells together
- 6. Nerve and muscle cells
- 7. Hox genes
-
Blastula
- A multicellular hollow ball
- specific regions give rise to specific components
-
Gastrulation
Layers of embryonic tissuse are produced that will develop into adult body parts
-
T/F
Collagen is unique to animals
- True
- Animals have no cell wall, so collagen is used to hold the cells together
-
Hox genes
- Unique to animals
- 4 "clusters", 3 seperate mutations
- --1 before
- --craniates
- --vertebrae
- --naxasomes
-
Derived traits of seed plants
- -Further Reduced Gametophyte, which is now dependent on sporophyte for nutrients and protection
- -Seeds
- -Heterospory
- -Pollen Grains
- -Ovule
-
-
Dericed traits of Chordates
- Notochord
- Dorsal hollow nerve cord
- Pharyngeal slits
- Muscular, post-anal tail
-
Notochord
- A longitudinal, flexible rod
- located between the digestive tuve and the nerve cord
- Provides skeletal support
-
Dorsal, Hollow Nerve Cord
- Develops into the vertebrate
- Solid and usually ventral
- Develops into the central nervous system=Brain and spinal cord
-
Pharyngeal slift
- Allow water that enters the mouth to exit without entering digestive tract
- suspension-feeding in invertebrate chordates
- Modified into gills in vert.
- Tetrapods-Develop into parts of the ear and other structures in the head and neck
-
Muscular Post-Anal tail
- helps aquatic species swim
- Reduced during development in many groups
-
Lancelets
- Aquatic
- Suspension feeders
- Keep the characteristics of the chordat body plan as adults
-
unicates
- Sessile
- Planktonic
- Some colonial
- Hermaphroditic
- Suspension feeders
-
Craniates
- Chordates with skulls
- Highly developed heads evolved independently in other animals
- HOX gene
-
Craniates: Shared derived traits
- Brain,eyes, skull
- Two cluster of HOX genes
- Duplicated families genes
- Neural crest
- Pharyngeal clefs evolved into gills
- More active
- Two-chambered heart
-
Neural Crest
- Tissues of the neural crest give rise to variety of craniate structures:
- -Teeth
- -Some of the vones and cartliage of the skull
- -Inner layer of sking (dermis)
- -Several types of neurons
- -Sensory capsules which eyes and other sense organs develop
-
What is the one group of Craniates that are not vertebrates
hagfish
-
List the Groups of Craniates
- hagfishes (myxini)
- Lampreys (Petromyzontida)
- Sharks, rays, chimaeras (Chondrichthyes)
-
The last derived clade of craniates is....
Hagfishes (Myxini)
-
Hagfish
- No vertebrae
- Cartilaginous cranium
- Notochord as adult
- Scavengers
- Slime Glands
- Teeth made of Keratin
-
Derived Traits of Vertebrates
- Another HOX gene- vertebrate
- A backbone than encloses spinal cord
-
What is the only jawless verrebrates?
- Lampreys
- They are also the oldest linving lineage of vertebrates
-
Lampreys
- Only 35 specias
- Suspension-feeding larvae
- Adults are parasitic
- No real jaw
- Cartliage skeleton (including vertebrae)
-
Evolution of Bones and Teeth
- Started as unmineralized cartilage
- Then mineralized developing bone
- Started with the teeth
- armor was derived from dental mineralization
-
Gnathostome derived characters
- Jaws-Hinged, with teeth
- HOX gene duplication
- Beginnings of mineralized skeleton
- Lateral line systems (sensitive to vibrations; in water only)
-
The Deconian Perios
- 360-400 mya
- "The age of Fishes"
-
Mollusca
- Diverse
- Coelomates
- open Circulatory system
- Seperate sexes
- aquatic (mostly)
-
Mollusca Four Main Body Parts
- Foot
- Visceral mass
- mantle
- Radula
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