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Functions of Blood:
- Transport
- Regulates body temp
- Protects against blood loss by mediating clotting
- Blood is a CT
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92% H2O; contains ions, nutrients, wastes and hormones
plasma
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Three main plasma proteins (most formed in liver)
albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
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Gives blood viscosity; responsible for the colloid pressure which draws fluid from interstitial space back into the blood vessels. Most abundant plasma protein
Albumin
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Transporters (hemoglobin) or antibodies (immunoglobulins); 37% ofplasma proteins
Globulins
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Element of coagulation (clotting); durring clotting, clotting factors convert it into long, insoluble strands called ____.
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When blood is allowed to clot then centrifuged, the foremd elelments and clot separate from a fluid called __________
serum
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Enzymes and hormones <1% of all plasma proteins
regulatory proteins
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The main purpose of _______________ is to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
erythrocytes
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Exchanges of gases occurs in the ____________ in the lungs and peripheral tissues.
capillaries
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___________ or Packet Cell VOlume (PCV) = RBC volume/ tot cell vol x 100%
Hematocrit
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Characteristics of Erythrocytes:
- - Biconcave disc (giving large SA to absorb O2)
- - Anucleate (NO nucleus)
- - Life-span 120 days
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(Erythropoiesis) Production of RBCs occurs in the _____________________ stimulated by a hormone, erythropoietin, which is produced in the __________
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Function of red bone marrow
actively generates blood cells
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Function of yellow bone marrow
can produce cells, and become red when needed
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In adults, Yellow marrow is found in: ____________
Red Marrow is found in: ____________
- long bones (tibia, fibula, radius, ulna)
- in the proximal ends of proximal long bones; pelvis, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, skull, scaplula (sites mid-line along axial plane)
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_________________ are the most numerous of all blood cells. 25trill in healthy adults
erythrocytes
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Makes up 97% of a RBC, an O2 carrying protein;
4 heme unites, each build around iron molecule
Oxidation of iron gives blood its red color
hemoglobin
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Dead RBCS are recycled by __________________ in the _____.
Heme is dregraded to _____________, transported to the liver and made into bile
Iron goes into bloodstream and is used in the ________ marrow for Erythropoeisis
- macrophages, spleen
- bilirubin
- red
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____________ and glycolipids are surface antigens on cell membranes of all cells
glycoproteins
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____ different surface antigens can be identified:
- Three most important:
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If a blood transfusion is given with incompatible blood, ___________ can occur which causes the cells to __________.
agglutination (clumping), hemolyze (rupture)
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Donor blood contains INsignificant antibodes and ________________ be considered a part of agglutination
should not
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Type A: A antigens present on the RBC
- 40% of pop
- has type B antibodies present in plsma
- can receive A or O rbcs
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Type-B: B antigens present on the RBC
- 10% of population
- has type A antibodies present in plasma
- can receive B or O
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Type AB: both A and B antigens present on the RBC
- 4% of pop
- has neither A or B antibodies present in plasma
- can receive ANY type
- Universal recipiant
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Type O: Neither A nor B antigens on RBC
- 46% of population
- has both A and B antibodies present in plasma
- can receive ONLY type O
- Universal donor
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Rh positive
- HAS the D antigen present on RBC
- has no anti-D antibodies present in plasma
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Rh Negative
- does NOT have D antigen
- Produces anti-D antibodies in plasma when exposed to D antigen
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Hemolytic disease
Rh + mother can carry Rh - fetus, but if other way around.. a second pregnancy would destroy fetus unless synthetic anti-D antibodies are given to the mother
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Leukocyte Characteristics:
- complete cells with the usual organelles
- function OUTSIDE of blood vessels in CT
- Chemotaxis
- Diapedesis
- Produced in bone marrow and released continuously
- Classified as granular or agranular
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Chemotaxis =
move toward a site by following chemical attractants
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Diapedesis =
move into the tissues through small openings between the endothelial cells of capillaries and post-capillary venules
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Granular Leukocytes:
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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Neutrophils
- Nucleus contains 2-6 connected lobs PMNs
- most abundant of all WBCs
- defence against bacterial infections
- phagocytize
- granules are digestive enzymes to digest bacteria
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Eosinophils
- nucleus has two lobes
- granules stain red
- 2-4% of WBCs
- firght parasite infections, mediate allergic reactions and phagocytosis of antigen/antibody complexes
- granules contain digestive enzymes
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Basophils
- nucleus has two loves in U or S shape
- granules stain dark purple
- 1% WBC
- release histamine during allergic reaction
- function is similar to mast cells
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Agranular Leukocytes:
Monocytes, Lymphocytes
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Monocytes
- nucleus is dark and kidney, horse-shoe or U shaped
- 3-8% WBCs
- precursor to the macrophage, found in circulatory system
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Lymphocytes
- nucleus is dark, round, and fills the cell
- 20-25% WBCs
- Major component in immune system
- immune attack cells
- produces in bone marrow
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B-Lymphocytes
- educated in Bone marrow
- stimulate against an antigen --> become plsma cells --> make antibodies against the antigen (opsonization)
- Antigen-Antibody complexes are then phagocytoced by macrophages
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T-Lymphocytes (T-Helper cells and T-Cytotoxic cells)
- Educated in the Thymus
- T-Helper lymphocytes help to stimulate both B-lymphocytes and T-cytotoxic lymphocytes
- T-Cytotoxic lymphocytes are "cell-to-cell killers"
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Platelets (thrombocytes)
- not actual cells, disc shaped fragments enclosed by plasma membrane
- - derived from megakaryocytes
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Blot Clot formation
- 1) fibrin forms a network with platelets to trap the RBCs into a clot
- 2) acting and mycin fibers contract to tighten clot and close laceration
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A clot associated with an atherosclerotic plaque can form a _________ or break free and form an ________
thrombus, embolism
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Mnemonic for remembering blood cells from most to least frequent in circulating blood
Remember Please, Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
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Complete Blood Count (CBC)
- hematocrit
- hemoglobin content
- RBC, WBC, and platelet count
- blood smear for differential WBC
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Diagnosis:
Low hematocrit or RBC count =
High neutrophils =
High eosinophils =
- anemic
- bacterial infection
- parasite infection or allergies
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Hematopoiesis = blood cell formation
- occurs in bone marrow
- continuous throughout life
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Between 8-18yrs, most bone marrow is replaced with yellow except, red marrow remains in the:
axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphysis of humerous and femur
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Cell Formation
all blood cells originate from STEM CELLS
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Stem cells in the bone marrow divide into two types of stem cells
- 1) myeloid stem cells- form all other blood cells
- 2) lymphoid stem cells- form lymphocytes
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Erythrocytes come from _________ stem cells
myeloid
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An immature red blood cell is called a
reticulocyte
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An increase in -________________ means RBCs are being rapidly produced
reticulocytes
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Granular leukocytes arise from ________ stem cells
myeloid
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An increase in immature neutrophils is found in someone who is:
- fighting a bacterial infection
- *this can be determined by a diferential WBC count
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Monocytes come from _________ stem cells
myeloid
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Platelets come from ________ stem cells, which differentiate into _____________, which produce platelets
myeloid, megakaryotes
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Lymphocytes come from _____________ stem cells
lymphoid
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