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Starch digestion begins in the______when______is secreted by the salivary glands
Mouth, salivary amylase
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Intestinal enzymes are also called_______enzymes
brush border enzymes
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A non-enzymes substance that emulsifies fats is_______
bile
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Fats are broken down into ____and ____.
fatty acids and glycerol
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Trypsin and aminopeptidase digest _________.
Proteins
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An example of a disaccharide____
maltose
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Amylase activity in the small intestine will result in the production of ____
maltose
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Enzymes that function most efficiently at a pH7, include______,_______,and _______
salivary amylase, lipase and brush border enzymes
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Hormone secreted by the stomach that increases the secretion of pepsinogen & histamine____.
gastrin
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Enzymes subjected to extremes in temperature or pH experience_____.
denaturation
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Secreted by the stomach, this enzyme which prefers a pH of 2, begins protein digestion____.
pepsin
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Enzyme that hyrolyzes fats (lipids) ______
lipase
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Maltase activity in the small intestine will result in the production of two molecules of ______
glucose
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Hormones released by the small intestine that increase the production and release of bile ______ and __________.
cholecystokinin and secretin
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secreted in an inactive form, and later activated by HCL____.
pepsin
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Emphysema would cause (change in blood pH)
decrease pH respiratory acidosis
-
bomiting would cause________? (change in blood pH)
increase pH, metabolic alkalosis
-
Sources of H+
lactic acid, lipid and protein metabolizm, CO2
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Excessive exercise would cause? change in blood pH
decrease pH and metabolic acidosis
-
Hyperventilation could cause?
increase pH and respiratory alkalosis
-
How would we compensate for respiratory acidosis? restore pH to normal
- increase secretion of H+
- increase reabsorption of HCO3
- decrease reabsorption of H+
- decrease secretion of HCO3
-
How would we compensate for metabolic acidosis? restore pH to normal
- increase secretion H
- increase reabsorption of HCO3
- increase ventilation
-
How would we compensate for metabolic alkalosis(restore pH to norman)
- decrease sectetion H
- decrease reabsorption of HCo3
- decrease ventilation
-
Predict the JGA response: increased systemic blood pressure
- constrict afferent arteriole to
- decrease GFR to normal
-
Predict the JGA response: decreased flow rate and/or decreased filtrate solute concentration at distal tubule.
- dilate afferent arteriole to
- increase GFR
-
Decreased ADH secretion would cause:
- increase urine volumn
- urine concentration
-
cells placed in a hypertonic solution will
shrink
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Increased ALD secretin would cause_______urine volume
decrease urine volume
-
Predict the JGA response: increased flow rate and/or increased filtrate solute concentration at distal tuble.
constrict afferent arteriole to dectease to normal
-
increasing of decreasing which hormone would cause increased urine concentration
increase ADH
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Increasing or decreasing which hormone would cause increased reabsorption of water?
increase ADH
-
The driving force for reabsorption is
Na+ gradient produced by Na+/K pump
-
ANP release would cause ____reabsorption of Na+______urine volume
increase, increase
-
ADH is released in response to (name stimuli)
- dehydration
- increase plasma osmolaity
- decrease plasma volume
-
Predict the effect on urine specific gravity: Drinking excess fluids
decrease specific gravity
-
Predict the effect on urine specific gravity: Diabetes insipidus
decrease specific gravity
-
Predict the effect on urine specific gravity: dehydration
increase specific gravity
-
Name the urine condition & cause, RBC's in urine
-
Name two adaptations of the glomerulus that enhance its function
high blood pressure (arteriole in & out) high permeability "leaky"
-
Name the urine condition & cause Albumin in urine
- albuminuria
- pregnancy glomerular nepritis
-
Name the urine condition & cause,
ketonuria and starvation/ diabetes mellitus
-
ACE catalyzes the reaction: AngiotensinI
angiotensinII
-
Explain the importance of urea
helps increase of medulla-allows reabsorption of H2O to concent
-
Name the urine condition and cause
glycosuria, diabetes mellitus
-
Predict the effect on urine pH: Starvation
decrease pH
-
Predict the effect on urine pH: vegetarian diet
increase pH
-
An increase in the tubule Na+ or K+ stimulates the release of
ALD, K+ or decrease + in plasma
-
Predict the effect on urine specific gravity: diabetes mellitus
increase sG
-
Renin is released in the name stimuli
- decrease blood NA+
- decrease blood volume/pressure
-
Predict the effect on urine Ph: protein rich diet
decreaseglycosuria and diabetes mellitus
-
The diriving force for reabsorption is
Na+ gradient produced by na"/k+ pump
-
The driving force for filtration is
blood (hydrostatic)pressure
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