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signal transduction
pathway (receptor protien) relays message from outside to action that occurs inside the cell
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endocrine system
has endocrine glands that secrete hormones into the blood
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hormones
chemical messengers that respond form tissues that contain protien receptors
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protien hormones (first messanger)
- bind to surface- ATP makes cAMP which activates enzymes
- glycogen to glucose
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steriod hormones
- synthesized from chelosterol
- nonpolar so diffuse across cell membrane bind to receptors- nucleous- make codes for protiens
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hormones work by either
- biding to the cell surface receports and trigger change inside cell
- or difuuse across cell membrane- bind to recepor and trigger responce
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9 glands are
- hypothalamus
- pituitary
- pineal thryoid
- parathyroid
- thymus
- adrenal
- pancreas
- gonads
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adrenal gland
- primary system responds to stress
- located on to of kidney
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adrenal cortex
- long term stress response
- secretes alderestone and steriods
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cortisol
increases blood pressure and blood glucose level and is an anti-inflammatory
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aderenal medulla
- epinephrine and norepinephrine
- short term stress response. secreted into capillaries for immediate affects
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what three systems function to maintain homeostasis
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hypothalamus
- controlls blood pressure, heart/breathing rate, enhanced memorey and alertness
- links nervous and endocrine systemys
- directs activities to pituitary gland
- produces ADH and oxytocin
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oxytocin
acts on the uterus, mammary glands, and helps with bonding
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ADH
reduces water excretion by kindeys and increases blood pressure
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growth hormone
- release form pituitary
- promotes cell division and growth in muscles and bones
- stimulates protien synthesis and regulates metabolism
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hormone prolactin
relased by pituitary to stimulate milk production in pregnant and nursing mothers
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FHS and LH hormone
- have to do with reproductive parts
- sperm and egg production and sex hormone production
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pancreatic islets
- alpha- glucagon- raises blood suger
- beta- insulin- lowers blood sugar
- delta- somatostain- inhibits glucagon and insulin
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t3 and t4
activates genes to speed up ATP production and increases metabolic rate
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parathyroid gland
- located on back of thyroid gland
- parathyroid hormone
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CRH
promotes production of ACTH
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ACTH
decreases release of CRH and ACTH
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GnRH
- regulates release of FSH and LH
- doesnt begin until puberty
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thyroid
- front of trachea
- calcitonin and t3 and t4
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calcitonin hormone
- decreases blood calcium leves
- bone formation
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hypothyroidism
leads to weightgain, lethargic, depression
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parathyroid thormone
- increases blood calcium leves
- bone reabsorbtion
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melatonin hormone
produced by pineal gland- assoiciaed with sleep
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hyperthyroidism
- graves disease
- hyperactivity, insomnia, eyeballs bulge
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pineal gland
in brain secretes melatonin
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melatonin
sleep and wake cycles.
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thymus gland
- bottom of trachea
- produces thyomosin
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thyomosin
- development of immune system cells
- important in children
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eythropoietin
stimulates prodction of red blood cells
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vitamin d
skin, calcium absorbtion
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gastrin
stimulates stomac acid production
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secretin
stimulates release of acid buffer
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stress triggers
- impared fertility
- heart disease
- high blood pressure
- depression
- diabetes
- common cold
- ulcers
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