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What is a functional cardiovascular system vital for?
supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing wastes from them
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What is the structure of the heart?
a hollow, cone-shaped, muscular pump within the thoracic cavity
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Size and Location of the Heart
1. The average adult heart is __ long and __ wide.
2. The heart lies in the __ under the __; its __ extends to the __.
- 1) 14 cm/ 9 cm
- 2) mediastinum/ sternum/ apex/ fifth intercostal space
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Coverings of the Heart
1) The __ encloses the heart.
2) It is made of __ layers: __ and __
3) At the base fo the heart, the __ folds back to become the __ that lines the __.
4)Between the __ and __ is a potential space (__) filled with __.
- 1) pericardium
- 2) two/ the outer, tough connective tissue fibrous pericardium surrounding a more delicate visceral pericardium (epicardium) that surrounds the heart
- 3) visceral pericardium/ parietal pericardium/ fibrous pericardium
- 4) parietal and visceral pericardia/ pericardial cavity/ serous fluid
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Wall of the Heart
1) The wall of the heart is composed of __ distinct layers.
2) The outermost layer, the __, is made up of connective tissue and epithelium, and houses __ and __, along with __.
3) The middle __ consists of __ and is the __ layer of the heart wall.
4) The inner __ is __ and made up of connective tissue and epithelium, and is continuous with the __ of major vessels joining the heart.
- 1) three
- 2) epicardium/ blood and lymph capillaries/ coronary arteries
- 3) myocardium/ cardiac muscle/ thickest
- 4) endocardium/ smooth/ endothelium
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Heart Chambers and Valves
1) The heart has __ internal chambers: two __ on top and two __ below.
1a) __ receive blood returning to the heart and have thin walls.
1b) The thick-muscled __ pump blood to the body.
- 1) four/ atria/ ventricles
- 1a) atria
- 1b) ventricles
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Heart Chambers and Valves
2) A __ divides the __ and __ each guarded by an __.
2a) The right __ valve (__) and left __ valve (__) have __ to which __ attach.
2b) __ are, in turn, attached to __ in the inner heart wall that contract during __ to prevent the __ of blood through the __.
- 2) septum/ atrium/ ventricles/ atrioventricular valve (A-V0
- 2a) A-V (tricuspid)/ A-V (bicuspid or mitral valve)/ cusps/ chordae tendinae
- 2b) Chordae tendinae/ papillary muscles/ ventricular contraction/ backflow/ A-V valves
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Heart Chambers and Valves
3) Why does the right ventricle have a thinner wall than the left ventricle?
because the right ventricle must pump blood only as far as the lungs, compared to the left ventricle pumping to the entire body
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Heart Chambers and Valves
4) At the base of the __ trunk leading to the lungs is the __, which prevents __?__.
5) The __ receives blood from __.
6) The __ pumps blood into the entire body through the __, guarded by the __ that prevents __ of blood into the __.
- 4) pulmonary/ pulmonary valve/ a return flow of blood to the ventricle
- 5) left atrium/ four pulmonary veins
- 6) left ventricle/ aorta/ aortic valve/ backflow/ ventricle
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Path of Blood through the Heart
1) Blood low in __ returns to the __ via the __.
2) The __ contracts, forcing blood through the __ into the __.
3) The __ contracts, closing the __, and forcing blood through the __ into the __ and __.
- 1) oxygen/ right atrium/ venae cavae and coronary sinus
- 2) right atrium/ tricuspid valve/ right ventricle
- 3) right ventricle/ tricuspid valve/ pulmonary valve/ pulmonary trunk and arteries
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Path of Blood through the Heart
4) The __ carry blood to the lungs where it can rid itself of excess __ and pick up a new supply of __.
5) Freshly __ blood is returned to the __ of the heart through the __.
- 4) pulmonary arteries/ carbon dioxide/ oxygen
- 5) oxygenated blood/ left atrium/ pulmonary veins
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Path of Blood through the Heart
6) The __ contracts, forcing blood through the left __ into the __.
7) The __ contracts, closing the __ and forcing open the __ as blood enters the __ for distribution to the body.
- 6) left atrium/ bicuspid valve/ left ventricle
- 7) left ventricle/ bicuspid valve/ aortic valve/ aorta
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Blood Supply to the Heart
1) The first branches off of the __, which carry freshly __ blood, are the __ that feed the heart muscle itself.
2) Branches of the __ feed many __ of the __.
3) The heart muscle requires a continuous supply of freshly __ blood.
4) __ drain blood from the heart muscle and carry it to the __, which empties into the __.
- 1) aorta/ oxygenated/ right and left coronary arteries
- 2) coronary arteries/ capillaries/ myocardium
- 3) oxygenated
- 4) cardiac veins/ coronary sinus/ right atrium
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