Chap 12,13,14

3 reasons for cell division

From the beginning of the cell division to the end is called the

A cell's genetic information is called its ____________ which is made upof DNA

DNA molecules are packages into

The bodies cells (all except the reproductive cells) are called

Somatic cells have ____________ chromosomes

Reproductive cells, or ___________ -spermand eggs- have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

Somatic cells are also called

Gametes are also called ____________ because they have half the amount of chromosomes

The sign for diploid is ______. The sign for haploid is _____

Eukaryotic chromosomes are made of ____________, a complex of DNA and associated protein molecules.

Each duplicated chromosomes has two _______________.

The sister chromatids are attached by

Two chromatids are attached at their "waist" called the

Mitosis is

The division of the cytoplasm immediately following mitosis is called

Gametes are produced by

Meiosis only occures in

The mitotic (M) phase includes _____________ and ____________

During _________ the cell grows and copies its chromosomes

Interphase can be divided into 3 phases

During the subphases of interphase the cell grows by producing

Chromosomes are duplicated in the

Mitosis is broken down into 5 stages

The mitotic spindle is made up of

A sub-cellular region containing material that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cell's microtubules is called the

A pair of _______________ is located at the center of the centrasome

The centrosome relicates during which phase of the cell cycle

Short microtubles extend form the centrosomes of a dividing cell are called

Sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome have a _______________, a structure of proteins associated with specific sections of chromosomal DNA

At metaphase, the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are on a plane midway between the spindle's two poles called the

During _____________ the nucleoli dissapear and each duplicated chromosome appears as two identical sister chromatid

During ________________ the nuclear envelope fragments, the microtubules extend from each centrasome and the chromosomes have become even more condensed

During __________________ the centrasomes are at opposite poles of the cell, the chromosomes convene on the metaphase plate.

________________ is the longest stage of mitosis

The shortest phase of mitosis is

During ___________________ the sister chromatids part suddenlyand begin to move away from the metaphase plate and towards the centrosomes

During ____________ two daughter nuclei form in the cell, Mitosis is now complete

In animal cells, cytokinesis involves the formation of the ____________ which pinches the cell in two

The function of the cell cycle is to produce daughter cells that

Sister chromatids

The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called

The region of a chromosome holding the two double strands of relicated DNA together is called

If an intestinal cell in a grasshopper contains 24 chromosomes, a grasshopper sperm cell would contain ____________ chromosomes

The centromere is a region in which ___________

how many maternal chromosomes are present in a somatic human cell not engaged in cell division?

A cell entering the cell cycle with 32 chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each with ___________

Cytokinesis refers to ___________

Chromatids are

If a cell contains 60 chromatids at the start of mitosis, how many chromosomes will be found in each daughtercell at the completion of the cell cycle?

A biochemist measured the amount of DNAin cells growing in the laboratory and found that the quantity of DNA in the cells daoubles between _____ phase and _____ phase

During interphase, the genetic material of a typical eukaryotic cell is _____

DNA relication occures in ____________

Chromatids form during

If a somatic human cell is just about to divide, it has ____________ chromatids

Which one of the following does not occure during mitosis

During what phase in the cell cycle, would you find the most DNA per cell?

In telophase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle breaks down and the chromatin uncoils. This is essentially the opposite of what happens in _________

Which phase of mitosis is essentially the opposite of prometaphase in terms of the nuclear envelope?

At which point in the cell cycle do centrosomes begin to move apart to two poles of the cell in a dividing human skin cell?

The phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes move toward separate poles of the cell is

One event occuring during prophase is ___________

The nuclear envelope disappears during

Sister chromatids separate during

In animal cell mitosis, the cleavage furrow forms during

At which stage of mitosis are chromosomes lined up in one plave in preparation for their seperation to opposite poles of the cell?

You would know a dividing cell is a plant cell if yousaw that

_____________ does not occur in dividing bacteria

During binary fission in a bacterium ________

Binary fission in bacteria cells involves __________

When a cell in s phase is fused with a cell in G₁, _________

Tissue culture experiments with PDGF demonstrate that without this substance ______________

You would be unlikely to see which of the following human cells dividing?

Observations of cancer cells in culture support the hypothesis that cancer cells ______________

What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?

Monomers for the synthesis of DNA are called

In DNA, thetwo purines are ______________, and the two pyridimines are ________________

Which bases are always together which each other and how many hydrogen bonds do they form

The two sugar-phosphate strands of a DNA molecule are joined to each other through

The informationin DNA is contained in

Which of the following attributes of DNA is most crucial to its accurate duplication?

During the replicaiton of DNA,_____________-

The DNA structures of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are different in several ways, but one way in which they are the same is that

At each end of a DNA replicaiton bubble is

The role of DNA polymerases in DNA replicaiton is to

The rate of elongation in prokaryotes is ____________ the rate in eukaryotes

The two strands of a DNA double helix are antiparallel. This means that _________

DNA polymerase adds nucleoties to __________ of the leading strands, and to the ________ of the lagging strands (Okazaki fragments)

What enzyme joins Okazaki fragments?

After the formation of a replication bubble, what is the correct sequence of enzymes used for the synthesis of the lagging DNA strand

What is the componant required for DNA replication?

The removal of the RNA primer and addition of DNA nucleotides to the 3' end of Okazaki fragments in its place is carried out by

The unwinding of DNA at the replication fork causes twisting and strain in the DNA ahead of the fork, which is relieved by an enzyme called

Once the DNA at the replication fork is unwound by helicases, what prevents the two strands from coming back to reform a double helix?

____________ seperate the two strands of the double helix, the DNA polymerases then construct two new strands using each of the original strands as templates

The overall error rate in the completed DNA molecules is approximately

The incorporation of an incorrect base into the DNA during replication can be repaired by

The set of enzymes involved in nucleotide excision repair are

Unlike prokaryotic replicaiton, replicaiton of eukaryotic chromosomes

____________ get shorter with continued cell division.

_____________ is an enzyme that lengthens telomeres.

How many genes are present in the human genome?

What is a locus

Sexual and asexual reproduction are alike in that ______

Unless the chromosomes were stained to show band patterns, a karyotype would be least likely tp show

A karyotype is

Fertilization produces

A life cycle in which the only multicellular form is haploid os most typical of

_______________ is where a cell contains half the parental chromosome number.

In sexually reproducing species, the chromsome number remains stable over time because _______ and ___________ always alternate.

The egg of a rabbit contains 22 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are in the somatic cells of the rabbit?

In a diploid cell containing 10 chromosomes, meiosis results in the formation of daughter cells containing _____________ chromosomes

How many pairs of autosomes do humans have?

Sister chromatids are _____________________ formed during DNA synthesis

When we say that an organism is haploid, we mean that

Nearly all life cycles have both haploid and diploid phases. Usually, the transition from haploid to diploid takes place at

At the end of telophase I of meiosis and the first cytokinesis, there are ___________

What is the result when a diploid cell undergoes meiosis?

Synapsis occurs during

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles duirng

Cytokinesis is

What is the function of meiosis?

Crossing over occurs during

Regions of chromosomes where nonsister chromatids cross over are called

The synaptonemal complex _________

An organism has a haploid chromosome number n=4. How many tetrads will form during meiosis?

What event occurs only during prophase I of the first meiotic division

In a male mammal, every cell that undergoes meiosis gices rise to _______ sperm

What occurs in meiosis but not mitosis?

Ignoring crossover, how many kinds of gametes can be produced by an organism with a diploid numebr of 8?

In humans, the haploid number of chromosomes is 23. Independent assortment has the possibility of producing ________ different types of gametes

The major contribution of sex to evolution is that ____________

Genetic information of eukaryotic cells is transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in the form of ______

Each amino acid in a protein is coded for by _____ bases in the DNA

When RNA is being made, the RNA base ______ always pairs with the base ____ in DNA

Generally speaking, how many genetic codes are there?

What mRNA codon would be made from the DNA triplet CGT

The number of bases "read" together on the mRNA to designate each amino acid is ________; this unit is called a _______

The codons AAA, CCC, and UUU specify the amino acid lysine, proline, glycine, and phenylalanin. Which DNA sequence would specify the peptide pro-gly-lys-phe if present in the semplate strand?

The codons AAA, CCC, GGG, and UUU specify the amino acid lysine, proline, glycine and phenylalanin. What peptide sequence would 5'-CCCAAATTTGGG-3', if present in the ciding strand of the DNA?

How many nucleotides are needed to code for a protein with 450 amino acids?

In many cases, more than one codon codes for the same amino acid. Because of this, we say that the code is __________

Bacteria can transcribe and translate human genes to produce funtional human proteins because ____________

At one point as a cell carried out its day-to-day activities, the nucleotides GAT were paired with the nucleotides CUA. This paring occurred __

What catalyzes the linkage between ribonucleotides to form RNA during gene expression?

In eukaryiotic cells, a terminator in mRNA synthesis is __________

In a eukaryotic cell. transcription takes place in _________

During the transcription of a given portion of a DNA molecule __________

In eukaryotes, what is the mechanisms of gene regulation that operate after transcription, but before translation of mRNA into protein?

Usually, in eukaryotic gene exons are ______________, but the RNA ________ from introns does not leave the nucleus.

Introns are cut out of the primary transcript, and the resulting exons are spliced together describes _____________

The structures called snRNPs are part of

Nuclei of eukaryotic cells contain spliceosomes that are made up of _______

A cell biologist found that two different proteins with largely different structures were translated from two different mRNAs. These mRNAs, however, were transcribed from the same template within the cell nucleus. Which mechanism could best account for this?

The funtions of tRNA during protein synthesis is to___________

The bonds that hold tRNA molecules in the correct three-dimentional shape are

During translation in a eukaryotic cell polypeptides are synthesized at _______, according to instructions carried by _____

The P site of a ribosome does what?

The first amino acid inserted into a new polypeptide chain in eukaryotic cells is always ___________

During translation, amino acid chain elongation occurs until __________

Polysomes may be defined as ____________

What is the proper order of events in the expression of a eukaryotic gene?

What is a key difference in gene expression between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A genetecist found that a particular mutation had no effect on the polypeptide encoded by the gene. This mutation probably involved ________

What type of mutation is least likely to affect the function of the protein corresponding to the gene in which the mutation occurs?

A base-pair substitution mutation in a germ cell line is likey to have no effect on phenotype if the substitution ______

A virus infects a cell and randomly inserts many short segments of DNA containing a stop codom throughout the organism's chromosomes. This will probably cause

A point mutation in which a single base pair is inserted or deleted from DNA is called a

Ultraviolet radiation is damaging to cells because it ___________--

Transcription factors are found in ___________

These unwinds the parental double helix at the replication forks

This binds to and stabalizzes single-strand DNA until it can be usedd as a template

_______________ relieves strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling and rejoining DNA strands

_____________- synthesizes and RNA primer at 5' end of leading strand and each of Okazaki fragment of lagging strand

__________________ uses parental DNA as a template, synthesizes new DNA strand by covalently adding nucleotides to the 3' end of a pre-existing DNA strand or RNA primer

_________________ removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5' end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides

_____________ joins 3' end of DNA that replaces primer to rest of leading strand and joins Okazaki fragments of lagging strand