-
Which leukocycle will stain with basic dyes
basophils
-
which leukocyte will stain with acidic dyes
eosinophils
-
which leukocyte will stain with neutral dyes
neutrophils
-
which leukocyte will produce histamine and heprin? and what r those functions
basophil HEPRINanticolagulant HISAMINE inflammation and allergies vasodialator
-
what leukocyte will be the 1st to responf to a diesase
neutrophil
-
which wbc will secrete lysomal enzymes(digestive enzymes
neutrol phils
-
what wbc forms pus
neutrophil from dead neutrofragments and dead bacteria
-
which leukocyte will increase during an allergic reaction?
esinophils
-
which wbc will be involved in antibody immunity
lymphocytes
-
which wbc will decrease inflammation and what compounds
eosinophils using hisaminase
-
what wbc wbc will leave blood and become macrophage
monocyte
-
what wbc will attract fibroblasts
monocytes(helps isolate the infection
-
antigen presenting cell
monocytes
-
what leukocyte would perform immunological surveillence
nk lymphonocyte
-
wbc invoved in cellular immunity
lymphocyte t cells
-
what wbc will fight parasitic infections?
eosinophils
-
what wbc will be elevated in someone with a cronic infection
monocyte
-
which wbc will attack antigen antibody complexes
neutrophils
-
which wbc will cause repiratory burst?
neutrophil (produceh202 and attacks membrane of cell
-
how do lymphatic capularies differ from blood capillaries
are a dead end vessel. endothelial cells overlap.basement membrane incomplete r none exsistant.larger diameter.thinner walls.one way flow. lower resistance -lots of valves musclar compressin respiratory pump
-
pressure in lymph and intersitual
- If pressure in the intersitual fluid >pressure In capillary cells separate and fluid comes in. that fluid becomes lymph.
- If pressure intestitial<capillary pressure,cells do not separate-nothing comes in
-
lacteal
is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine.
-
how lymphatic capillaries merge into large lymphatic vessels
-
The trunks merge into 1) right lymphatic duct 2)thoratic duct*old lymph back to venous circulation*(as we are doing this we r making new lymph) the excess 3 liters from the venous system goes to the lympatic system causing lymph.
-
what is the purpose of lympatic ducts?
- 1)filter looking for pathogens
- 2proliferation of lymphocytes
-
Lymphatic vessels. Merge to
Lymphatic trunks then merge to right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct brining back to venous circulation
-
Where does lymph come from
Extra fluid
-
Whats the purpose off lymphatic ducts and how do they drain
Bring old lymph back to venous circulation
-
How does primary differ from secondary lymphatic organ?
- Primary where cells become immunocommpetent
- Secondary where immune response occurs
-
Functions of lymph nodes
- Filters lymph looking for pathogens,
- Immune system activation proliferation of lymphocytes
-
What is white pulp and red
White pulp lymphocytes red pulp venous sinuses
-
Understand the functions of the spleen
Prolife lymphocyte"stores iron' stores platelets' produce rbc in infants,remove damaged and old rbc,easy to damage hard to repair
-
Thymus functions
T cells mature, produce thymmosin and thymopoetin for maturing tcells
-
Thymus size
Grows till puberty then it decreases in size
-
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue aka tonsils how many do we have
3
-
Adenoids r known as what?
Pharyngeal tonsil
-
Which tonsils r most prone to infection
Palatine
-
Why r tonsils located there
1st pathogen airborn responce
-
Where r peyers patches located
Distal small infection
-
What r peyers patches functions
Able to fight detect food born pathogens-collection of lymphocytes-similar structure in appendix
-
What is the main goal of the 1st line of defense?
To keep pathogens out
-
How do the various components of 1st line of defense work?
- Mucus :traps pathogens
- Stomach acid:inhibits microbial growth lysosomal enzymes:sweat tears sweat:washes away pathogens
- Hairs:respiratory pathogens
-
How do macrophage different from microphage
Neutrophil and eosinophil (smaller)
-
What cells r macrophages
Monocyte
-
What cells r fixed macrophages
Perment resident of tissue. Microglia in cns. Dust cells:lungs. Free macrophages:continuously migrating
-
What r the steps in phagocytic process
- 1phagocytic cells binds to pathogen
- 2phagocytic cell forms pseudopods to engulf pathogen
- 3phagosome forms around pathogen
- 4 phagosome merges with lysosome
- 5enzymes digest pathogen
- 6digested pathogen leaves phagocytic cell by exocytosis
-
What cells perform immunological surveillance
- 1nk cell reconizes abnormal cell and bounds by detecting marker cells
- 2 golgi of nk shifts to face abnormal cell
- 3 golgie secretes perforins in vesicles
- 4 perforins create pores in membranes of abnormal cell and cell lysis occurs
-
What cells perform immunological surveillance?
Nk leukocytes
-
Interferon whats the purpose
Antiviral binds virus and prevents viral replication
-
Whats the process of interferon1-3
- 1 virus invades host cell and replicates
- 2when virus enters cell,genes of production gets turned on
- 3 host cell #1 makes interferon
-
What process for interferon 4 to 5
- 4Interferon binds to receptor on host 2
- 5interferon binding activates production of antiviral proteins
-
End result of completment activation
1 enhances phagocytosis 2increase inflammation 3 initiates the membrane attack complex (mac) mac and proteins C5-C9 form pore channel in membrane Causes cell to lysis
-
What r the cardinal signs of inflammation
Swelling"redness"pain"heat
-
Basic process of inflammation
- Neutrophils arrive from chemotaxis- neutrophils and monocytes phagoctosis-basophils histamine(vasodilator,increase permeability) and heparin anticoagulant
- Increased blood flow allows more wbc to arrive-causing heat and redness
- Monocytes-attract fibroblasts-create scar tissue
- Pain from prostoglands-activate pain pathways
-
Why do fevers occur
- 1metabolic rate (10x to 1degree) immune reactions occur quicker
- 2inhibits replication of bacteris
- 3increase temp denatures proteins in bacterial membranes
-
-
Why r fever beneficial?
Low grade temps can be good
-
what is the purpose of antigen presentation?
process antigen and presents to t cell
-
what types of cells have mhc1
-
On surface of all nucleated cells process nintercellular antigens
-
types of antigens processed by MHC1
-
If it is foreign-> cytotoxic t cell activated cell is killed
If it is self->suppressor t cell activated cell is left alone
-
what type of cells have mhc 2
-
We see most on macrophages
-
what kinda antigens do mhc produce
-
Mostly on macrophages processes extra cellular antigens activates helper t cells
-
-
Cd8 on cytotoxic suppressor t cells
-only recongizes MHC I
-
cd4 reconizes
CD4 on helper Tcells reconization MHCII only reconizes
-
-
what activates b cells
First part is sensitization where antigens bind to anti-bodies on b cell surface
-
-sensitized b cell binds to helper Tcell
Bcell divides
-
igG
-resistance agaqinst bacteria and viruses-able to cross placenta (HDNhemolytic disease in new born)*anti-d antibodies-some passive immunity mom->fetus
-
iga
IgAfound in body secretions saliva sweat breast milk,tears etc
-
IgAfound in body secretions saliva sweat breast milk,tears etc
-
igE
causes hiatamine release-increased inflammation-allergic responses*for allergies
-
igm
IgM1st antibody secreted
-
-
igd
IgD b cell sensitization
-
primary responce
Primary response is the 1st respone it takes 2weeks to reach peak typicaly and lasts IgM responds 1st,then 1gG *more servere symptoms and longer duration
-
2ndary response
Peaks in 4 days memory cells activated produces massive amounts of antibodies *may not get sick if u do less severe. Activates memory b cells
|
|
