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Which leukocycle will stain with basic dyes
basophils
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which leukocyte will stain with acidic dyes
eosinophils
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which leukocyte will stain with neutral dyes
neutrophils
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which leukocyte will produce histamine and heprin? and what r those functions
basophil HEPRINanticolagulant HISAMINE inflammation and allergies vasodialator
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what leukocyte will be the 1st to responf to a diesase
neutrophil
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which wbc will secrete lysomal enzymes(digestive enzymes
neutrol phils
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what wbc forms pus
neutrophil from dead neutrofragments and dead bacteria
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which leukocyte will increase during an allergic reaction?
esinophils
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which wbc will be involved in antibody immunity
lymphocytes
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which wbc will decrease inflammation and what compounds
eosinophils using hisaminase
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what wbc wbc will leave blood and become macrophage
monocyte
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what wbc will attract fibroblasts
monocytes(helps isolate the infection
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antigen presenting cell
monocytes
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what leukocyte would perform immunological surveillence
nk lymphonocyte
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wbc invoved in cellular immunity
lymphocyte t cells
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what wbc will fight parasitic infections?
eosinophils
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what wbc will be elevated in someone with a cronic infection
monocyte
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which wbc will attack antigen antibody complexes
neutrophils
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which wbc will cause repiratory burst?
neutrophil (produceh202 and attacks membrane of cell
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how do lymphatic capularies differ from blood capillaries
are a dead end vessel. endothelial cells overlap.basement membrane incomplete r none exsistant.larger diameter.thinner walls.one way flow. lower resistance -lots of valves musclar compressin respiratory pump
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pressure in lymph and intersitual
- If pressure in the intersitual fluid >pressure In capillary cells separate and fluid comes in. that fluid becomes lymph.
- If pressure intestitial<capillary pressure,cells do not separate-nothing comes in
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lacteal
is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine.
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how lymphatic capillaries merge into large lymphatic vessels
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The trunks merge into 1) right lymphatic duct 2)thoratic duct*old lymph back to venous circulation*(as we are doing this we r making new lymph) the excess 3 liters from the venous system goes to the lympatic system causing lymph.
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what is the purpose of lympatic ducts?
- 1)filter looking for pathogens
- 2proliferation of lymphocytes
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Lymphatic vessels. Merge to
Lymphatic trunks then merge to right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct brining back to venous circulation
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Where does lymph come from
Extra fluid
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Whats the purpose off lymphatic ducts and how do they drain
Bring old lymph back to venous circulation
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How does primary differ from secondary lymphatic organ?
- Primary where cells become immunocommpetent
- Secondary where immune response occurs
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Functions of lymph nodes
- Filters lymph looking for pathogens,
- Immune system activation proliferation of lymphocytes
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What is white pulp and red
White pulp lymphocytes red pulp venous sinuses
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Understand the functions of the spleen
Prolife lymphocyte"stores iron' stores platelets' produce rbc in infants,remove damaged and old rbc,easy to damage hard to repair
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Thymus functions
T cells mature, produce thymmosin and thymopoetin for maturing tcells
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Thymus size
Grows till puberty then it decreases in size
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Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue aka tonsils how many do we have
3
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Adenoids r known as what?
Pharyngeal tonsil
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Which tonsils r most prone to infection
Palatine
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Why r tonsils located there
1st pathogen airborn responce
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Where r peyers patches located
Distal small infection
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What r peyers patches functions
Able to fight detect food born pathogens-collection of lymphocytes-similar structure in appendix
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What is the main goal of the 1st line of defense?
To keep pathogens out
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How do the various components of 1st line of defense work?
- Mucus :traps pathogens
- Stomach acid:inhibits microbial growth lysosomal enzymes:sweat tears sweat:washes away pathogens
- Hairs:respiratory pathogens
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How do macrophage different from microphage
Neutrophil and eosinophil (smaller)
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What cells r macrophages
Monocyte
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What cells r fixed macrophages
Perment resident of tissue. Microglia in cns. Dust cells:lungs. Free macrophages:continuously migrating
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What r the steps in phagocytic process
- 1phagocytic cells binds to pathogen
- 2phagocytic cell forms pseudopods to engulf pathogen
- 3phagosome forms around pathogen
- 4 phagosome merges with lysosome
- 5enzymes digest pathogen
- 6digested pathogen leaves phagocytic cell by exocytosis
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What cells perform immunological surveillance
- 1nk cell reconizes abnormal cell and bounds by detecting marker cells
- 2 golgi of nk shifts to face abnormal cell
- 3 golgie secretes perforins in vesicles
- 4 perforins create pores in membranes of abnormal cell and cell lysis occurs
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What cells perform immunological surveillance?
Nk leukocytes
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Interferon whats the purpose
Antiviral binds virus and prevents viral replication
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Whats the process of interferon1-3
- 1 virus invades host cell and replicates
- 2when virus enters cell,genes of production gets turned on
- 3 host cell #1 makes interferon
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What process for interferon 4 to 5
- 4Interferon binds to receptor on host 2
- 5interferon binding activates production of antiviral proteins
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End result of completment activation
1 enhances phagocytosis 2increase inflammation 3 initiates the membrane attack complex (mac) mac and proteins C5-C9 form pore channel in membrane Causes cell to lysis
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What r the cardinal signs of inflammation
Swelling"redness"pain"heat
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Basic process of inflammation
- Neutrophils arrive from chemotaxis- neutrophils and monocytes phagoctosis-basophils histamine(vasodilator,increase permeability) and heparin anticoagulant
- Increased blood flow allows more wbc to arrive-causing heat and redness
- Monocytes-attract fibroblasts-create scar tissue
- Pain from prostoglands-activate pain pathways
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Why do fevers occur
- 1metabolic rate (10x to 1degree) immune reactions occur quicker
- 2inhibits replication of bacteris
- 3increase temp denatures proteins in bacterial membranes
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Why r fever beneficial?
Low grade temps can be good
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what is the purpose of antigen presentation?
process antigen and presents to t cell
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what types of cells have mhc1
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On surface of all nucleated cells process nintercellular antigens
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types of antigens processed by MHC1
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If it is foreign-> cytotoxic t cell activated cell is killed
If it is self->suppressor t cell activated cell is left alone
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what type of cells have mhc 2
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We see most on macrophages
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what kinda antigens do mhc produce
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Mostly on macrophages processes extra cellular antigens activates helper t cells
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Cd8 on cytotoxic suppressor t cells
-only recongizes MHC I
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cd4 reconizes
CD4 on helper Tcells reconization MHCII only reconizes
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what activates b cells
First part is sensitization where antigens bind to anti-bodies on b cell surface
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-sensitized b cell binds to helper Tcell
Bcell divides
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igG
-resistance agaqinst bacteria and viruses-able to cross placenta (HDNhemolytic disease in new born)*anti-d antibodies-some passive immunity mom->fetus
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iga
IgAfound in body secretions saliva sweat breast milk,tears etc
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IgAfound in body secretions saliva sweat breast milk,tears etc
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igE
causes hiatamine release-increased inflammation-allergic responses*for allergies
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igm
IgM1st antibody secreted
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igd
IgD b cell sensitization
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primary responce
Primary response is the 1st respone it takes 2weeks to reach peak typicaly and lasts IgM responds 1st,then 1gG *more servere symptoms and longer duration
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2ndary response
Peaks in 4 days memory cells activated produces massive amounts of antibodies *may not get sick if u do less severe. Activates memory b cells
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