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What is opsonization?
Opsonins are binding enhancers that make it easier for WBCs to attack antigens.
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What are the 2 most common opsonins?
- Complement
- Antibodies
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What are the 3 immune disorders?
- Hypersensitivity
- Autoimmune dieases
- Immunodeficiency
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What is a hypersensitivity reaction?
An exaggerated immune response that initiates inflammation and results in the injury of healthy tissue.
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What does it mean for a person to be atopic?
An atopic person is an individual who is predisposed to form specific IgE antibodies to antigens that do not affect most people.
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What does repeated exposure to relatively large doses of an allergen produce in an individual?
Sensitization
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What is a Type I Hypersensitivity reaction?
Immediate IgE-mediated reactions (allergies).
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What is a Type II Hypersensitivity reaction?
Antibodies are formed against tissue-specific fixed antigens.
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What is a Type III Hypersensitivity reaction?
Immune complex-mediated reaction.
Leads to the formation of circulating antigen-antibody complexes.
Harm due to complement activation.
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What is a Type IV Hypersensitivity reaction?
Delayed hypsersenstivity (cell-mediated reactions).
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What is the mechanism for a Type I Hypersensitivity reaction?
Immediate hypsersensitivity usually in response to an environmental antigen.
"Allergen" causes allergies.
Individuals must first be sensitized.
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What is sensitization?
Contact with the allergen causes formation of a specific IgE antibody.
Ige attaches to cell membrane of mast cells.
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What happens when a sensitized individual comes in contact with the same allergen?
The allergen attaches to the IgE and the mast cell releases chemical mediators of inflammation.
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What are histamine's effects?
- Contracts bronchial smooth muscles (bronchoconstriction)
- Increases vascular permeability (results in edema)
- Vasodilation
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What are 3 treatments for Type I Hypersensitivities?
- Antihistamines (80% of all treatment)
- Cromolyn drugs (effectively prevent mast cell degranulation)
- Desensitization of an individual
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What are the 6 clinical examples of Type 1 Hypersensitivity reactions?
- Atopy (hay fever)
- Asthma
- Hives
- Dermatitis
- GI allergy
- Anaphylaxis
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What is the most dangerous Type 1 Hypsersensitivity reaction?
Anaphylaxis
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What is hay fever?
Atopy, allergic rhinitis/conjunctivitis (runny nose and red eyes)
Reaction to inhaled allergens
Atopic individuals produce higher concentrations of IgE making them more susceptible to reaction.
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What is bronchial asthma?
Inflammation/swelling of the respiratory mucosa with bronchospasm which leads to airway obstruction with wheezing and coughing.
Not all asthma is due to allergies.
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What is urticaria?
Hives, skin reaction to allergens due to histamine.
Characterized by sever itching and wheals (raised areas of redness/swelling)
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What is atopic dermatitis?
Eczema, refers to any itchy, red rash that oozes serum.
Crusty.
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What is gastrointestinal (GI) allergy? What are some common examples?
Allergens that enter through mouth leading to vomiting, abdominal pain, and/or anaphylaxis.
Milk, chocolate, peanuts
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What is anaphylaxis?
A rapid and severe response that can range from itching and breathing difficulties to respiratory distress, shock, and death.
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What are 2 clinical examples of Type II Hypersensitivity reactions?
- Non-autoimmune Type II (transfusion reactions, hemolytic disease of a newborn)
- Autoimmune Type II (foreign drugs acting as haptens)
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What are 3 clinical examples of Type III Hypsersensitivity reactions?
- Immune-complex glomerulonephritis
- Rheumotoid arthritis
- Systemic lupos erythematosus (autoantibodies against one's own DNA)
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What is the mechanism for a Type IV Delayed Hypersensitivity reaction?
T cells are responsible for cell injury.
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What are 3 clinical exampled of Type IV Hypersensitivity reactions?
- Contact dermatitis
- Poison ivy/oak
- Graft rejection
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What are autoimmune diseases?
A breakdown of tolerance where genetics play a factor. May be Type II or III hypsersensitivity.
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What are 3 theories of autoimmune desease development?
Normal self antigens altered by drug/pathogen/mutation and no longer seen as self.
Antibodies against foreign antigens "cross-react" with a similar self antigen.
Clonal deletion theory - defective regulation of the immune response by lymphocytes.
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What are some autoimmune diseases?
- Autoimmune blood disorders
- Thyroiditis
- Diabete mellitus (pancreatic beta-cells)
- Grave's disease (TSH)
- Multiple sclerosis (myelin)
- Myasthenia Gravis (ACTH receptor sites)
- Rheumatic fever (group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection)
- Rheumatoid arthritis (gamma globulins)
- Systemic lupus erythematousus (against DNA/RNA; has wide range of symptoms, affects many body systems)
- Ulcerative colitis
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What are 2 types of immunodeficiency diseases?
- Primary: congenital
- Secondary: acquired from infections, metabolic diseases, cancer, or treatment (iatrogenic)
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What are all immunodeficiency diseases characterized by?
Lymphopenia.
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Describe primary (congenital) immunodeficiency.
Inborn disorders affecting the differentiation and maturation of the T and B lymphocytes.
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What lymphocytes does HIV target?
T cells and monocytes.
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How does AIDS eventually affect the immune system?
T and B cells both become depressed, individuals can no longer defend themselves from infection.
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What are the 4 groups of HIV-infected persons?
- Acute illness
- Asymptomatic infection
- Generalized lymphadenopathy
- with other diseases superimposed (neoplasia, opportunistic infections, etc.)
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