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Do all cestodes require an intermediate host?
yes
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How long of a period of time do tapeworms live in the intestinal tract?
years
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What are the signs of a species having a tapeworm?
- subtle signs
- scooting
- tapeworm doesn't interfere with blood supply, only absorbs food
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Are cestodes hermaphrodites?
yes
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Define scolex.
attachement to host (head)
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Define strobila.
independent, progressive maturing reproductive units (chain)
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Define proglottids.
developing segments (individual segments)
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What kind of life cycle do cestodes have (direct or indirect)?
indirect
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Do cestodes have mouths?
no mouth, nutrients are absorbed
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Describe the body of a cestode.
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Which are the more mature, the proglottids near the scolex or the ones at the distal end?
near the scolex
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Describe the life cycle of a cestode.
- egg/segment is ingested
- egg hatches in intestines of intermediate host
- crosses intestinal wall and migrates
- intermediate host is ingested by definitive host
- matures to adult in the small intestines of definitive host
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Cestodes encysts in tissues as _____.
- cysticercus
- cysticercoid (if IH is an arthropod)
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What is the DH and IH of Taenia taeniaeformis?
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What is the DH and IH of Taenia taeniaeformis?
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What is the DH and IH of Taenia saginata?
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What is the DH and IH of Taenia solium?
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Where does Taenia taeniaeformis infect in cats and rodents?
- cats: small intestines
- rodents: liver
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What happens to cats when they get Taenia taeniaformis?
- usually not harmed
- possibly diarrhea or constipation, pot-bellied appearance in young animals
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What happens to rodents when they get Taenia taeniaformis?
- uaully nonpathogenic
- cysts may be associated with hepatic sarcomas (liver tumors)
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What is the treatment for Taenia taeniaformis?
- Praziquantel
- Epsiprantel
- Fenbendazole
- Niclosamide
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How do we diagnose Taenia taeniaeformis?
- proglottids are seen in feces or perianal region
- can usually see eggs on a fecal
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What is the infection site for Taenia pisiformis for dogs?
small intestines
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What is the infection site for Taenia pisiformis for rabbits?
cysticerci attached to the visera of the peritoneal cavity
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What are the clinical signs for dogs with Taenia pisiformis?
usually none
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What are the clinical signs for rabbits with Taenia pisiformis?
- light infections can cause digestive disturbances
- heavy infections may cause severe liver damage and death
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How do you diagnose Taenia pisiformis?
- proglottids
- Taenia egg on fecal float
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What is the infection site for Taenia saginata in humans?
small intestines
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What is the infection site for Taenia saginata in cattle?
throughout musculature, heart, tongue, diaphragm
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What are the clinical signs of humans who have Taenia saginataa?
- usually nonpathogenic
- may include diarrhea, abdominal pain
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What are the clinical signs of cattle with Taenia saginata?
- nonpathogenic
- "measly beef"
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How do we control the spread of Taenia saginata?
- meat inspection
- cook beef to at least 57 degrees celcius
- freeze beef at -8 degrees to -10 degrees celcius for 10 days
- aboid sludge as fertilizer on pastures
- provide bathroom facility for feed lot workers
- treat human infections
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What is the infection site for Taenia solium in humans?
- small intestine (adults)
- muscles
- eye
- CNS (cysticerci)
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What is the infection site for Taenia solium in pigs?
- skeletal muscles
- tongue
- heart
- diaphragm (cysticerci)
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How does a human get Taenia solium?
eating uncooked pork
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What happens if a human ingests Taenia eggs?
- they become the intermediate host and will have symptoms like...
- neurological symptoms
- uveitis
- retinitis or blindness
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Who is the definitive host for Dipylidium caninum?
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What is the intermediate host of Dipylidium caninum?
flea
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How does the definitive host get Dipylidium caninum?
eating the intermediate host (flea)
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What is the prepatent period for Dipylidium caninum?
2 - 3 weeks
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Where do Dipylidium caninum infect in the definitive host?
small intestines
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What is the treatment for Dipilydium caninum?
- Praziquantel
- Epsiprantel
- must treat for fleas or can be reinfected in <3 weeks
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What is the defnitive host for Echinococcus granulosus?
Canids (domestic dogs)
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What is the intermediate host for Echinococcus granulosus?
- sheep
- swine
- ruminants
- moose
- deer
- humans
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What is the infection site in the definitive host for Echinococcus granulosus?
small intestine
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What is the infection site in the intermediate host for Echinococcus granulosus?
- lungs
- liver
- CNS
- kidney
- pancreas
- connective tissue
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Does Echinococcus granulosus cause problems in definitive hosts?
no
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Does Echinococcus granulosus cause problems in intermediate hosts?
yes
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What is the life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus?
- gravid proglottids passed in feces
- eggs are ingested by IH
- penetrate intestinal vasculature to the liver or lungs
- hydatid cysts develop slowly (~ 5 months)
- dog ingests viscera of IH then the scolex attaches and develops in small intestine
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What are the clinical signs for Echinococcus granulosus?
- canids: usually nonpathogenic
- IH: usually none, older animals may show slight signs over time
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Are Echinococcus granulosus zoonotic?
yes
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What can Echinococcus granulosus cause in humans?
Hydatid Cyst Disease
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What is Hydatid Cyst Disease?
- humans are infected with the hydatid cyst by ingesting eggs from canid feces on vegetables or fruits or from handling infected dogs.
- impairs respiratory efficiency, causes anaphylaxis from rupture of cysts, spontaneous fracture of long bones, organ dysfunction
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What is the treatment for Hydatid Cyst Disease?
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What is the definitive host for Anoplocephala perfoliata?
horse
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What is the intermediate host of Anoplocephala perfoliata?
grass mites
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What does Anoplocephala perfoliata infected in the body?
- posterior small intestines
- ileocecocolic junction
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What is the life cycle of Anoplocephala perfoliata?
- eggs and segments passed in feces
- eaten by oribatid (grass) mite
- cysticercoid in mite for 2 months
- mites ingested when horse grazes
- adults develop near ileocecalcolic junction in horse
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What is the clinical signs for Anoplocephala perfoliata?
- ulcerate mucosa
- may obstruct
- intussusceptions
- cecal perforation and peritonitis
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What is the treatment for Anoplocephala perfoliata?
- benzimidazoles (fenbendazole, albendazole)
- febantel
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What is Moniezia?
ruminant tapeworm
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How big can Moniezia get?
adults up to 100 cm
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What do the eggs of moniezia look like?
somewhat triangular or square
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What is the definitive host for Moniezia?
-
What is the intermediate host for Moniezia?
oribatid (grass) mites
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What is the infection site for Moniezia?
small intestine
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What is the treatment for Moniezia?
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What is Hymenolepis spp?
human tapeworms
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What is the definitive host for Hymenolepis spp?
primarily rodents, also dogs and humans
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What is the intermediate host for Hymenolepis spp?
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What is the infection site for Hymenolepis spp?
small intestines
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What is the life cycle of Hymenolepis spp?
- eggs in feces are eaten by insects (flea, beetle)
- cysticercoid develops in the insect
- insects ingested by definitive host (rodent, man, dog)
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What are the clinical signs of Hymenolepis spp?
- Humans: enteritis, anorexia, headaches, anal pruritus, abdominal distress
- Lab animals: very little pathogenesis, but interferes with research
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How are Hymenolepis spp diagnosed?
eggs in feces
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What is the treatment for Hymenolepis spp?
Praziquantel
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What end of the Cestode is this?
scolex
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What part of the cestode is this?
scolex
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Name the parts of this cestode.
- scolex (head)
- strobila (body)
- proglottids (segments)
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What is this?
proglottids
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What is this?
Taenia egg
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Life Cycle of Taenia taeniaeformis
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Life Cycle of Taenia pisiformis
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Life Cycle of Taenia saginata
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What is this?
Dipilydium segments (look like cucumber seeds inside)
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What kind of cestode is this?
Echinococcus
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What is this?
Echinococcus granulosus egg
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What is this?
Hydatid cyst
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Life Cycle of Anoplocephala perfoliata
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What are these?
Anoplocephala eggs
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What is this?
Moniezia egg
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Life Cycle of Hymenolepis spp
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What is this?
Hymenolepis spp egg
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