Lectures 1 and 2

  1. Flat, colored lesion < 2 cm in diameter
    Macule
  2. Large macular lesion > 2 cm
    Patch
  3. Minute hemorrhagic spots in the skin
    Petechiae
  4. Purplish patch caused by extravasation of blood to the skin--essentially large petechiae
    Ecchymosis
  5. Dilated, superficial blood vessels (i.e. spider veins)
    Telangiectasia
  6. Small, solid lesion < 1 cm in diameter
    Papule
  7. Large papular lesion (1-5 cm)
    Nodule
  8. Flat-topped raised lesion > 1 cm in diameter; edges may be distinct (i.e. psoriasis) or gradual (i.e. eczema)
    Plaque
  9. Solid, raised growth > 5 cm in diameter
    Tumor
  10. Raised, erythematous papule or plaque, usually related to short-term derma edema
    Wheal
  11. Small, fluid filled lesion < 1 cm in diameter
    Vesicle
  12. Larger vesicular lesion, > 1 cm in diameter (i.e. blister)
    Bulla
  13. Vesicle filled with leukocytes; puss filled or filled with purulent materials
    Pustule
  14. Soft, raised, encapsulated lesion filled with semisolid or liquid contents
    Cyst
  15. Dried exudates of body fluids (usually red or yellow)
    Crust
  16. Small, thin plate o fhorny epithelium, cast off from the skin
    Scales
  17. Leather, thickening of the skin characterized by hyperkeratosis
    Lichenification
  18. Any loss of skin "substance"
    Atrophy
  19. Loss of epidermis without associated loss of dermis
    Erosion
  20. Linear, angular erosions (may be covered by scratching)
    Excoriation
  21. A deep furrow, cleft, or slit
    Fissure
  22. Loss of epidermis and at least a portion of the underlying dermis
    Ulcer
  23. The order of vehicles in order of moisturizing to drying: W/O emulsions, oil-free emulsions with emollient esters, alcohol solutions, oleaginous bases, strictly oil-free emulsions, and O/W emulsions
    • Oleaginous bases
    • W/O emulsions
    • O/W emulsions
    • Oil-free emulsions with emollient esters
    • Strictly oil-free emulsions
    • Alcohol solutions
  24. Describe oleaginous or water-free products
    • semisolid= ointments
    • liquid= oils
    • barrier-like product that is moisturizing
    • generally very greasy
    • Prevents water loss and creates moisturizing properties
  25. Describe absorption bases
    • Water free products + lanolin or cholesterol
    • Slightly less greasy and less moisturizing
  26. Describe emulsions
    • Hydrophobic and hydrophilic end
    • Allows the dispersion of two immiscible compounds
  27. What is the name of a cream or lotion in which the "external" phase is oil? What type of skin is it recommended for?
    • W/O emulsions
    • Less greasy that water free products but still strong moisturizers
    • Moderately dry skin
  28. What is the name of a cream or lotion in which the "external" phase is water? What type of skin should it be used on?
    • O/W emulsions
    • Less greasy than W/O preparations
    • Mild moisturizers that are designed for normal or slightly dry skin
  29. Describe Oil Free products
    • Strictly oil free: drying bases used for oily skin
    • Borderline oil-free: contain emollient esters
  30. Describe solutions
    • Oil free products that have a drying effect due to evaporation of solvent
    • Water soln= mildly drying
    • Alcohol soln= very drying
  31. What is a clear, non-oily solid composed of long-chain molecules and a small amount of solvent?
    • Gels
    • Mildly drying and useful for oily to normal skin types
  32. Are ointments or creams more potent?
    Ointments--due to occlusive effect
  33. What is a humectant?
    • Non-oily ingredient designed to help the skin retain water
    • Shifts an existing product to be more moisturizing
  34. Which was does powder shift a product: more drying or more wetting?
    Drying
  35. What is the M.O.A. of topical corticosteroids?
    • Inhibition of transcritpion factors involved in the activation of pro-inflammatory genes.
    • Suppression of arachidonic acid release from phospholipids
    • Inhibit leukocyte migration to sites of inflammation
    • Interfere witht he functions of endothelial cells, granulocytes, mast cells and fibroblasts.
  36. How do topical steroids help on inflamed skin?
    Inhibit migration of macrophages and leukocytes into the area by reversing vascular dilation and permeability
  37. How often should topical steroids be applied? Duration?
    • BID
    • 2-4 weeks
  38. What increases the absorption of topical corticosteroids?
    • Increased skin temperatures
    • Hydration
    • Application to inflamed or denuded skin
    • Intertriginous areas
    • Skin surfaces with a thin stratum corneum layer
  39. What are common side effects of topical corticosteroids?
    • Burning, itching, irritation, erythema, dryness
    • Skin atrophy -- decreases the thickness of the epidermis
    • Hypertrichosis
    • Hypopigmentation
    • Ocular hypertension, glaucoma, cataracts
    • Worsening of cutaneous infections
  40. What can occur if topical corticosteroids are used after skin atrophy?
    • Prolonged therapy can decrease barrier function of the skin
    • Vascular dilatation-- striae, telangiectasia, purpura
  41. What is it called when an itch originates in the skin from skin damage (i.e. inflammation, dryness)
    Prurioceptive itch
  42. What is it called with an itch originates froma lesion or abnormality at some point in the afferent neuronal pathway?
    • Neuropathic itch
    • example: shingles
  43. What is an itch that originates from a central mechanism but without obvious neural pathology?
    • Neurogenic
    • Example: opioid induced itch
  44. What is a psychogenic itch?
    Delusional in nature
  45. What is the primary mediator of itching?
    Histamine
  46. Describe the pathophysiology of an itch
    • Cross talk between dermal mast cells and afferent C neuron terminals
    • Scratching and rubbing the skin inhibits itch by stimulating myelinated A neurons
    • Termpoarirly inhibit neuronal circuits involved with itch
    • Also activates nociceptors --> reduce itch via the spine
    • Pain inhibits itch
  47. What symptoms appear if pruritus is histamine induced?
    wheal and flare
  48. What is the first and second line treatment for treating pruritus?
    • 1st: H1 antihistamines
    • 2nd: Topical corticosteroids--> relieve itching secondary to inflammatory skin disease
  49. In what patients can cholestyramine be used to relieve itch?
    Patients who have generalized itching and renal failure
  50. What desensitizes nociceptive nerve endings and acts as a antipruritic? Use is limited by tolerability
    Capsaicin
  51. What is a potent antihistamine and effective antiprutitic limited by it's anticholinergic side effects?
    Doxepin
  52. Rash characterized by wheals with or without angioedema. Spectrum of superficial pink wheals that itch to angioedema of the subcutaneous and submucosal tissues
    Urticaria
  53. How are most symptoms of urticaria mediated?
    Via H1 receptors on nerves and endothelial cells
  54. What type of urticria has wheals present for most days and can be due to drugs, food, and viral infections? Duration < 6 weeks
    Acute urticaria
  55. In what patient population is acute urticaria more prevalent?
    Patients with atopic diseases
  56. Describe chronic urticaria
    • > 6 weeks duration
    • Wheals present daily or most days
    • Symptoms may be continuous or recurrent
    • diet, infection, and non-infectious chronic inflammatory disorders have been implicated
  57. What type of physical urticaria is due to shearing forces?
    Dermographic
  58. What type of physical urticaria is due to vertical pressure?
    Delayed pressure urticaria
  59. What type of physical urticaria is due to cold air, water, or wind?
    Cold contact urticaria
  60. What type of physical urticaria is due to localized heat?
    Heat contact urticaria
  61. What type of urticaria is due to brief increases in body core temperature?
    Cholinergic
  62. MOA of H1 antagonists
    • Decreased capillary permeability
    • Decreases histamine mediated exocrine secretions
  63. Narrow angle glaucoma, stenosing peptic ulcers, and symptomatic BPH are contraindications to what drugs?
    1st generation antihistamines
  64. What are some warnings for antihistamine medications?
    • COPD, asthma
    • Anticholinergic (drying effects)
  65. What is xerosis?
    Dehydration of the stratum corneum
  66. What part of the body does xerosis most affect?
    Lower extremities and forearms
  67. Describe the appearance of xerosis.
    • Skin covered in dry scales
    • More severe can cause cracks, fissures, decreased suppleness
  68. What are preventative measures that can be taken for xerosis?
    • Low room temperature
    • Use of a humidifier
    • Bathing in warm, not hot water, no more than every 1-2 days
    • Reduce excessive exposure to soap, solvents, and other drying agents
    • Use emollients frequently
  69. How do you treat xerosis?
    • Soak affected area 5-10 minutes and then immediately apply W/O type of medication
    • Topical corticosteroid ointment may be used for symptoms especially associated with eczema
Author
rclee06
ID
141596
Card Set
Lectures 1 and 2
Description
basics
Updated