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what are the clades of seedless vascular plants?
club mosses, whisk ferns, ferns, horsetails
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which clade has microphylls (simple scale-like leaves)?
club mosses
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what is another name for horse tails?
scouring rush
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which clade has reduced megaphylls that form whorls, impregnated with silica
horsetails
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which clade has reduced or no megaphylls
whisk ferns
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which clade has large megaphylls with branching vascular strands that emerge as fiddleheads?
leptosporangiante ferns
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describe sporangia in leptosporangian ferns?
found in clusters (sori), have thin walls (only 1 cell thick), protected by an indusium
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what is an application of seedless vascular plants?
club moss spores used as flash powder
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what is a word for "living today"?
extant
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what does the xylem in gnetophytes and angiosperms contain?
tracheids and sometimes vessel elements
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What are some advantages of secondary growth?
provide support to grow taller, helps light absorption and seed dispersal
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what are some characteristics of seed plants?
sperm no longer swims to egg, have vascular tissue, secondary growth, gametes are greatly reduced, heterosporus, have seeds
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what 2 types of spores are developed by meiosis?
microspore(n), megaspore (n)
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what develops into a tiny microgametophyte (pollen grain) that produces 2 sperm by mitosis
microspore
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what develops into a microscopic megagametophyte that produces 1 egg by mitosis?
megaspore
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what are the 3 generations of seeds?
seed coat, nutritive tissue, and embryo
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what is derived from the integument of the parent sprophyte?
seed coat
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what generatoin is derived from the female gametophyte?
nutritive tissue
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what generation is the new sporophyte?
embryo
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what are some advantanges of seeds?
protection, dispersal, nourishment, extended period of dormancy,
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