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Perspective Taking
The ability to assume other peoples perspectives and understand their thoughts and feelings
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Self-Esteem
The global evaluative dimensions of the self. Self-esteem is also referred to as self-worth or self-image
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Self-Concept
Domain-specific evaluations of the self
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Self-Efficacy
The belief that once can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
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Pre-conventional Reasoning
The lowest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. The individuals moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment
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Heteronomous Morality
Kohlbergs first stage of preconventional reasoning in which moral thinking is tied to punishment
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Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
Kohlberg's second stage of preconventional reasoning. At this stage, individuals pursue their own interest but also let others do the same
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Concentional Reasoning
The second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this level, individuals abide by certain standards but they are the standards of others such as parents or the laws of society
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Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity
Kohlberg's third stage of moral developement. At this stage, individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgments
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Social Systems Morality
The fourth stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Moral judgments are based on understanding the social order, law, justice and duty
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Postconventional Reasoning
The highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral developement. At this level, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code.
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Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights
The fifth Kohlberg stage. At this stage, individuals reason that calues, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law
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Universal Ethical Principles
The sixth and highest stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Individuals develop a moral standard based on universal human rights
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Justice Perspective
A moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual; individuals independently make moral decisions
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Care Perspective
The moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others
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Social Conventional Reasoning
Thoughts about social consensus and convention, in contrast to moral reasoning, which stresses ethical issues
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Gender Stereotypes
Broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males
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Androgyny
Presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual
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Popular Children
Children who are frequently niminated as a best friend and are rerely disliked by their peers
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Average Children
Children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from peers
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Neglected Children
Chidlren who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers
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Rejected Children
Children who are infrquently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers
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Controversial Children
Children who are frequently nominated both as a best friend and as being disliked
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Intimacy in Frienships
Self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts
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Contructivist Approach
A learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively contstructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher
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Direct Intruction Approach
A structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, mastery of academic skills, high expectations for students progress, maximum time spent on learning tasks, and efforts to keep negative effect to a minimum
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Mindset
The cognitive view, either fixed or growth, that individuals develop for themselves
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