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A systematic program of reinforcement to encourage desirable behavior
Behavior modification
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A team of individuals with varying specialties, expertise, and skills that are brought together to achieve a common task
Cross-functional team
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A situation in which employees own the company they work for by virtue of being stockholders
Employee ownership
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Making employees more involved in their jobs by increasing their participation in decision making
Empowerment
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A theory of motivation based on the premise that people are motivated to obtain and preserve equitable treatment for themselves
Equity theory
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Our need for respect, recognition, and a sense of our own accomplishment and worth
Esteem needs
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A model of motivation based on the assumption that motivation depends on how much we want something and on how likely we think we are to get it
Expectancy theory
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A system in which employees set their own work hours within employer-determined limits
Flextime
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A theory of motivation suggesting that employees are motivated to achieve goals that they and their managers establish together
Goal-setting theory
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Job factors that reduce dissatisfaction when present to an acceptable degree but that do not necessarily result in high levels of motivation
Hygiene factors
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Expanding a worker’s assignments to include additional but similar tasks
Job enlargement
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A motivation technique that provides employees with more variety and responsibility in their jobs
Job enrichment
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A type of job enrichment in which work is restructured to cultivate the worker-job match
Job redesign
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An arrangement whereby two people share one full-time position
Job sharing
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A motivation technique in which managers and employees collaborate in setting goals
Management by Objectives (MBO)
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A sequence of human needs in the order of their importance
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
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An employee’s feelings about his or her job and superiors and about the firm itself
Morale
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The individual internal process that energizes, directs, and sustains behavior; the personal “force” that causes you or me to behave in a particular way
Motivation
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Job factors that increase motivation but whose absence does not necessarily result in dissatisfaction
Motivation factors
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The idea that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are separate and distinct dimensions
Motivation-hygiene theory
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A personal requirement
Need
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Permanent employment in which individuals work less than a standard work week
Part-time work
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The things we require for survival
Physiological needs
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A compensation system under which employees are paid a certain amount for each unit of output they produce
Piece-rate system
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A team of knowledgeable employees brought together to tackle a specific problem
Problem-solving team
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A theory of motivation based on the premise that behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated, whereas behavior that is punished is less likely to recur
Reinforcement theory
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The things we require for physical and emotional security
Safety needs
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The application of scientific principles to management of work and workers
Scientific management
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The need to grow and develop and to become all that we are capable of being
Self-actualization needs
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Groups of employees with the authority and skills to manage themselves
Self-managed teams
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The human requirements for love and affection and a sense of belonging
Social needs
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A group of workers functioning together as a unit to complete a common goal or purpose
Team
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Working at home all the time or for a portion of the work week
Telecommuting
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A concept of employee motivation generally consistent with Taylor’s scientific management; assumes that employees dislike work and will function only in a highly controlled work environment
Theory X
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A concept of employee motivation generally consistent with the ideas of the human relations movement; assumes that employees accept responsibility and work toward organizational goals, if by so doing they also achieve personal rewards
Theory Y
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The belief that some middle ground between his type A and type J practices is best for American business
Theory Z
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A team consisting of members who are geographically dispersed but communicate electronically
Virtual team
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A team of exceptionally highly skilled and talented individuals brought together to produce significant change
Virtuoso team
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