-
How many years does it take for groundwater to cleanse itself of degradable wastes?
Hundreds to Thousands
-
Are nondegradable wastes in groundwater permanently?
Yes
-
Slowly degradable wastes (such as DDT) are in groundwater for
decades
-
According to the EPA, one or more organic chemicals contaminate about _% of municipal water supplies
45%
-
Arsenic naturally occurs at high levels where?
How is arsenic naturally released?
- In soil and rocks
- Drilling into aquifers
-
How many people are drinking water with Arsenic levels 5-100 times the ppb standard?
Where?
- 112 million people
- Bangladesh, China, India, West Bengal
-
Name some solutions for groundwater pollution
- Monitoring wells
- Leak detectors
- Microorganisms to clean
- Nanoparticles of inorganic compounds to clean
-
If oceans are not overloaded, can they disperse and break down large quantities of degradable pollution?
Yes
-
What % of the worlds population lives on or near the coast?
How many estuaries are threatened?
-
Harmful algal blooms are caused by what
Runoff from sewage and agriculture
-
How long does the large zone of oxygen-depleted water in the Northern Gulf of Mexico last and what does it cause?
Why does it form?
- Half a year as a result of harmful algal bloom
- Hypoxia
- Harmful algal bloom
-
Chesapeake bay
Population increase?
What types of sources dump into bay?
_% phosphates from point sources and _% nitrates from nonpoint sources
- 3.7 to 17 million
- point/nonpoint
- 60%,60%
-
Great Lakes
What% of US freshwater?
How much fish is unsafe for human consumption?
Sea Lamprey/Zebra muscles (invasive species)
-
Oil Pollution
How long does it take for marine life to recover from large amounts of crude oil?
From refined oil?
-
Exxon Valdez (1989)
Cost?
How many fisheries affected in Alaska
What happened to the birds?
- 8 billion (3 billion in cleanup, 5 billion in fines)
- 34,000
- Birds lost buoyancy/insulation, died
-
BP in Gulf of Mexico (2010)
Dolphin/whale death rate was _x the normal rate
_sq mile kill zone around well
Why was BP blamed?
- 2x
- 80
- Due to cost cutting, lack of safety system
-
Ways to reduce oil pollution
- National Energy Policy to decrease reliance on fossil fuels
- Prohibit Drilling
- Double Hulls on oil tankers
-
Ways to clean up oil pollution?
- Skimmers
- Barries
- Dispersants
- Microbes
- Clumping or gelling agents
-
Bottled Water
How many metric tons of plastic bottles are thrown away each year?
Oil used to produce plastic bottles in the US each year would fuel ___cars
-
Sphere Boundaries
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
-
Other boundaries
Where is the ozone layer?
Mesopause?
Start of Thermosphere
-
Composition of Air (Decreasing Order)
_%N2
_%O2
_% Argon
_%Co2
-
Solid particles in atmosphere
Soil, ash, microscopic organisms, salt
-
__% of gases are found within _km of the earths surface
-
Job of the ozone (03) layer
What does it absorb?
Protects us by absorbing harmful UV radiation
-
Things that damage ozone
Chlorofluorocarbons from _ and _
NO from _
- Refrigerators and air conditions
- Exhaust
-
Wavelength
Low Energy=_ waves
Higher energy=_ waves
-
Solar energy
Travels through space as _
Examples of electromagnetic radiation (waves)
- radiation (waves)
- x-rays, radio waves, visible light, uv radiation, gamma rays
-
Atmosphere
N2 and 02 absorb short _
The wavelengths lose _ and become charged
- wavelengths (xrays, gamma, uv rays)
- e-
-
Stratosphere
UV rays act upon O2 molecules to form _
Solar energy is absorbed by _,_ in the troposphere
-
Suns Rays
_% is absorbed by earth's surface
_% is reflected by clouds, dust, air, earth's surface
_%is absorbed by clouds, dust, gases
-
Rocks, soil, water, etc and heated by visible light and _rays
Heated rays then produce their own heated rays which are absorbed by _vapor and _ in the atmosphere
infrared
-
Greenhouse effect
Process by which the atmosphere traps _ rays over Earth's surface
Solar amount trapped=amount that escapes but _ activity alters this
Absorption of long wavelength infrared ways from Earth's surface by gas molecules _ heat and prevents from going into space
-
Define Weather
Day to day conditions of Earth's atmosphere in a particular time and place
-
Define Climate
What is climate caused by?
- Average year after year condition of temperature and precipitation in a particular region
- Trapping of heat in the atmosphere, latitude, transport of hear, precipitation
-
Define: Greenhouse effect
Give examples of greenhouse gases
- A natural situation in which heat is absorbed by layers of greenhouse gases
- CO2, CH4, H2O (g)
-
Global Warming-anthropogenic causes?
Man has released gases into the atmosphere to raise temperature faster than normal
-
Variations in Temperature Factors
1) Latitude- temp near the equator is higher because of more
2)Elevation- _air at higher altitudes, Less _/_ to trap heat
3)Temp of H2O changes less than temp of land
- Direct Rays
- Thinner, CO2/H2O vapor
-
Define-Conduction
Molecules move faster when heated
-
Define-Convection
Movement of gases or liquids when heated
-
Winds
Air moves from _ pressure towards _ pressure belts
High to low
-
Air generally flows from _ towards the equator
poles
-
Define: Coriolis Effect
Rotation of the earth causes surface winds in the Northern Hemisphere to be deflected to the right and the Southern Hemisphere to the left
-
Define-Duldrums
Narrow zone of low air pressure at the equator characterized by weak and undependable winds
-
Study the Coriolis Effect Chart
.
-
Define: Jet Streams
Bands of high speed winds in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere
-
Define-Local Winds
Breezes that extend over distances of 100 km
-
Mountains and Valleys
During the Day Valley breeze goes up the _
During the night the mountain cools more _ than the valley so the cool breeze moves _
-
Atmospheric H2O
Mostly comes from _
Comes from trees through the process of _
A little from volcanoes/burning of _
- Evaporation
- Transpiration
- Fossil Fuels
-
Define-Humidity
Give the humidity formula
- Amount of H2O vapor in atmosphere
- gH2O/kg of air
-
Define-Dew Point
Temperature to which air must be cooled to reach saturation
-
Clouds
Need a solid surface=condensation nuclei (_,_,_,_)
Define: Fog
Define: Convective coooling
- Ice, dust, salt, etc
- Cloud that forms on or near earth's surface
- The lowering of temp of a mass of air due to its rising and expanding
-
Clouds formed by convective cooling
1000m 10C Dewpoint=
500m 15C Dewpoint=
0m 20C Dewpoint=
10, 11, 12C
-
Advective Cooling
Produced when _ carry warm, moist air across a _ ocean or region of lands
Cold area absorbs _ from warm air causing the _ to cool
If below dewpoint= _ or _
- winds, cold
- heat, air
- fog or clouds
-
Define: acliabatic temperature changes
temperature resulting from the cooling of rising air and the warming of sinking air
-
How is a front produced
2 air masses with different densities collide
-
Cold front overtakes _ air
_ storms
-
Warm front overtakes _ air
extended and high _ clouds
-
Define-Cyclone
Wind Speed?
- Winds on one side of the front blow in the opposite direction of the winds on the other front
- 32 to 64 km/hr
-
Define: Tornado
Thunderstorm meets high altitude _ winds. Causes rising air to _
- Smallest, most violent, short lived severe storms
- horizontal, rotate
-
Hurricanes
Wind Speed
Winds spiral rapidly towards an intensely _ pressure storm center
-
Define: Albedo
Look at the albedo chart
Measures of reflected sunlight
-
Topographic features an create local and _ climate regions that
_ from the general climate region
regional, differ
-
Microclimates
Where?
What creates them?
- Cities
- Bricks, concrete, asphalt blocks wind and absorbs heat
- Motor vehicles
-
Results of microclimates in cities
Haze, smog, high temp, low wind speeds
-
Define: ecotones
Transition areas, large biodiversity
-
What does an indicator species serve as?
Give an example of an indicator species
- Serves as early warning of damage or danger to community
- Trout (shows water quality/needs clean H2O and DO
-
Examples of indicator species vanishing (amphibians from water)
Characteristics of amphibians
Tadpole lives in _ and eats _
Adult amphibians mostly live on _ and eat _
- Toads, frogs, salamanders
- Live part of life on land and part on water
- Water, plants
- Land, insects
-
1997-1998 El Nino
It rained _ inches in Laguna Beach in _ hours
8 inches, 60 hours
-
What is used to observe El Nino?
Buoys, satellites, ships
-
What is upwelling
Wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-depleted surface water
-
During Normal Conditions
_ trade winds move water and air across Pacific
Warm water pools in Indonesia are _F Warmer
Cooler water on the coast of __ because of upwelling
Causes _ in Indonesia
Upwelling in western Pacific increases _ and increases _
- Eastern
- 14
- South America
- Monsoons
- nutrients, fish
-
Characteristics of El Nino
Occurs when and where?
What happens to trade winds?
Does rain fall in previously very dry areas?
- Late in December, West Coast of South America
- weaken or stop
- yes
-
El Nino Characteristics (Cont)
_ pressure drops along West coast of South America and _ pressure develops in Western Pacific
Warm water reduces upwelling along South American coast
_ Fish kills
_ in Peru
_ in Indonesia/Australia
- Air, high
- Extensive
- Floods
- Drought
-
Effects of El Nino
Ecuador and Northern Peru: _ and very _ summers cause major flooding
Northern Australia and Southeast Asia: _ conditions and subject to _ fires
-
El Nino-what happens in
North America-midwest, southwest, northwest, west coast, east coast
Africa:
El Nino Happens from _ to _
- warmer winters, wetter and cooler than normal, dry and foggy, increased waves=erosion, hurricanes
- Drier than normal
- December-February
-
1997-1998 El Nino
Amount of energy put into atmosphere by 1997-1998 El Nino was more than the amount of energy consumed by the US for _ year of burning _ _
The sea level height in the eastern equatorial pacific was more than _ cm higher than normal, an area twice the size of the US
In California, the sea lion mortality rate was _-_%
- one, fossil fuels
- 2cm
- 25-70%
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