Psychology 101

• *learned fears and expections
• *emotional responses
• *cognitive processing and pereptual interpreatations

(1) level of analysis

• 1)Biological Influences
• 2)Psychological Influences
• 3) Social-Cultural Influences

Study sexualities (1940)

Science of behavior and mental process

• STRUCTURALISM
• FUNCTIONALISM
• GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
• BEHAVIORISM
• HUMANISIC PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY

• EEG (electroencephalogrm)-electrcal activity from the brain
• PET(Positron emission tomography)-brain activity by glucose
• MRI(Magnetic resonance imaging)-soft tissues brain anatomy
• fMRI(functional MRI)-bloodflow brain function

• Biopsychosocial approach-integrated approach
• Levels of analysis- complementary views for analyzing any given phenomenon

• Levels of analysis:
• Biological approach
• Psychological influences
• Social-cultural influences

Study of the brain activity linked with mental function of the brain

• 1) Electrical impluses travel down a neuron's axon until reaching a tiny junction known as a synapse.
• 2)Action potential axon terminal stimulates release of neurotransmitter molecules. Molecules cross the synaptic gap and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron. Electrically charged atoms to enter neuron and excite or inhibit new action potential.
• 3) Reabsorbs excess neurotransmitters-reuptake

SELF-ACTUALIZATION-NATURAL TENDENCIES

Perception-organization info.

Increased scientific knowledge

Solve practical problems

• *Natural selection of traits
• *Genetic predispositions
• *Brain Mechanisms
• *Hormonal Influences

(1) level of analysis

• *Prescene of others
• *Cultural societal family expectations
• *Peer other group influences
• *compelling models

(1) level of analysis

Influential theory/Psychoantlytic Pyschology

emotional responses to childhood experiences and unconscious thought process affect behavior

Humanistic Psychology

• Counseling- assist people with problems
• Clinical studies, assesses and treats
• Psychiatry-RX. meds

an observtion technique in whch one person is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles

• 1) Theories
• 2)Hypotheses
• 3)Research and observations

Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

• 1) Curious
• 2) Scrutinize ideas
• 3) Open-minded humility

Impairment of language usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area(impairing speaking) or Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)

• 1)Visual cortex: recieves written words as visual stimulation
• 2) Angular gyrus: transforms visual representations into an auditory code
• 3)Wernicke's area: interacts auditory code
• 4)Broca's area: cotrols speech muscles via the motor cortex
• 5) Motor cortex: word is pronounced

Located left frontal lobe

controls language expression-an area usually in he left frontal lobe, directs muscle movement involved in speech

Damage to this area: struggle to speak words

located in the left temporal lobe

controls language reception

Damage to this area: people could speak only meaningless words

Visual area

controls reading aloud

receives visual info from visual area and recodes it into an auditory form which Werncke's area uses to derive its meaning.

Damage to this area: leaves a perso able to speak and understand but unable to read.

Severing corpus callosum

divided brains of cats and monkeys

resulted in decreased or eliminated seizure activity and developed split brains

areas of the cerbral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking

linked to sensory imputs with stored memories

CANNOT be neatly mapped

3/4 of te cerebral cortex that is uncommitted to sensory or muscular activity

• Dendrites: receives messages from other cells
• Myelin Sheath: covers the axon
• Terminal Branches of axon: forms junctions with other cells
• Neural Impulse: Action potential
• Axon: passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles or glands
• Cell body: life support

• Behaviorists
• redefined psychology

Neurotransmitters-chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons.

They travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.

Nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in arousal

(Severed cats R.F. puts it into a coma)

• Natural brain systems pleasure
• crave whatever provides missing pleasure or relieves negative feelings

Reward and pleasure area of the brain

experiment-rats and electrodes in hypothalamus

Perceived as different we need 2 stimuli that must differ constant amount

• Amygdala: emotion
• Hippocampus: memory
• Corpus Callosum: axons fibers connecting hemispheres
• Thalamus: relays messages between brain centers and cerbral cortex "Switch Board"
• Hypothalamus: maintenance functions emotion and reward
• Pituitary: master gland
• Recticular formation: arousal
• Medulla:heartbeat and breathing
• Spinal cord: pathway to brain simple reflexes
• Cerebellum: movement, balance and memories
• Cerebral cortex: control info-processing center

Computed measure how scores vary around the average

• Limbic system: emotions and memory
• Amygdala-Agression/fear/rage
• Hippocampus-memory
• Thalamus:"Switchboard"-sends messages to sites
• Hypothalamus: maintanence functions governs endocrine system
• Pituitary Gland:"Master Gland"
• Cerebral cortex: thin layer that covers cerebral hemisphere
• Frontal-front
• Temporal-side(ears)
• Parietal-top
• Occipital-rear

examines one individual in depth directions for further study- what can happen

1892-Structuralism

structural elements of the mind

(introspection)

• "OLDER PART"
• Brainstem: central core
• Medulla: base of the brainstem controls heartbeat and breathing
• Pons-coordinate movement
• Reticular formation-nerve network, arousal
• cerebellum-"little brain"-rear of the brainstem, sensory, movement and balance

• experimental group-exposed to the treatment
• Control group- not exposed
• Independent variable- manipulated; variable whose effect is being studied
• dependent variable-variable change

Functionalist-sense functions

• Psychology first textbook
• tutored 1st female 1890
• "man card taken away b/c of tutoring a female"

Textbook: "The Principes of Psychology"

1890

• studied under William James
• 1st A.P.A female president
• Harvard University

• 1ST Women to recevie PHD
• 2ND president introduced in A.P.A that was female

"The Animal Mind"-Textbook

Behaviorism

Experiment with white lab coats, dogs and bells

• Classical Conditioning
• Observable Behavior

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without controlling the situations

• Examples:
• Parent-child interactions
• self-seating patterns in the lunchroom

• Basic research
• Applied research
• Counseling Psychologists
• Clinical Psychologists
• Pychiatrists

A nerve cell: the basic building block of the nervous system

The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

split brains-isolates the brains (2) hemispheres by cutting the fibers (corpus callosum) connecting them

relieves seizures

"I-knew-it-all-along" phenomenon

foreseenable events

meeting point at the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell bdy of the receiving neuron. Gap is called Synaptic gap.

(1857-1952)

• Sir Charles Sherrington
• neural impulses talking long time to travel
• discovered the synapse gap (brief interruption)

Synapse-junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite

Thalamus-"Switchboard"

• located on top of the brainstem
• directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

• Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) -arousing
• Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)- calming

Experimental factor-manipulated effect is being studied

Differenc between high and low number

Middle number

Average

Frequent number

Outcome factor-change

• Neuron fires an impulse
• *brief electrical charge that travels down
• axons

• How it works:
• 1) Neuron fires brief electrical charge, depolarization causes action potential

2)gates in axon open and sodium atoms rush in. A pump in the cell membrane (Sodium and Potassium) transports sodium ions back out of the cell.

3) Action potential continues down axon 1ST section is recharged.

Absorbs neurotransmitter's after they have been released into the synapse

certain medications slows reuptake

Cerebral cortex includes:

Frontal lobe- decision-making, problem solving and planning (Front)

Temporal lobe- memory, emotion, hearing and language (side above ears, lateral)

Parietal lobe- reception and sensory (Superior, top)

Occipital lobe- Vision (Posterior, rear)

Glial cells- cells in the nervous system that support, nourish and protect neurons

Insulates myein sheaths and guide neural connections

more compared to motor neurons

Oberveable behavior in children

Created Schools of thoughts:

• *Structuralism
• *Functionalism
• *Gestalt Psychology
• *Behaviorism
• *Psychoanalysis
• 1st Psychology lab

"Morphine within" opiatelike neurtransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure

Natural Selection

Independent Variable exposed to the treatment