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A polypeptide chain that has 59 amino acid units and a mass of >10,000 daltons.
Proteins
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Proteins are what percent of the cell's dry weight?
50-70%
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Where are four places proteins are found?
- All cells of the body
- Fluids
- Secretions
- Excretions
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Which protein structure shows specific amino acid sequence.
primary structure
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Which protein structure shows alpha and beta localized folding.
secondary structure
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Which protein structure shows the overall 3d shape of the molecule.
tertiary
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which protein structure is formed when two or more polypeptides join together.
quaternary structure
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This type of bond is formed when amino groups combine
peptide bonds
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these are proteins that yield only amino acids upon hydrolysis.
simple proteins
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these are proteins that have a metal ion attached.
metalloproteins
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these proteins have an organic group that provides color, an example is hemoglobin.
chromoproteins
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these are proteins that are formed when lipids are linked together.
lipoproteins
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these proteins consist of 10-40% carbohydrates. An example is haptoglobin.
glycoproteins
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These are proteins that consist of >40% carbohydrates
- mucoproteins
- (proteoglycans)
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these are proteins that are combined with nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA.
nucleoproteins
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These amino acids have no functional group
simple amino acids
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how many essential amino acids are there?
9
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this amino acid is involved in prostate function.
alanine
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these amino acids have alcohol as a side chain.
hydroxy amino acids
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This is the most simple amino acid.
glycine
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these amino acids have sulfer on the side chain.
sulfide amino acids
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These amino acids have a basic group on the side chain
basic amino acids
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these amino acids have a carboxyl group on the side chain
acid amino acids
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These amino acids contain a ring group (5 sided) on the side chain.
heterocyclic amino acids
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These amino acids contain an aromatic group (6 sided) on the side chain.
aromatic group
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Approximately ____ of a proteins is nitrogein.
16%
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The process by which a protein loses its native or original character.
denaturation
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what are some things protein denaturation could be caused by.
- heat
- hydrolysis
- enzymatic action
- precipitation
- exposure to UV
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This disease is caused by a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase That, if untreated, results in mental retardation and death.
Phenylketonuria
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This is the methodology used to test for phenylketonuria.
microfluorometric assay
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what are the normal values for the microflurometric method in PKU.
1.2-3.4 mg/dL
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What are the normal values for PKU?
1.2-3.4mg/dL
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This disease is a deficiency of tyrosine amino transferase and occurs in 1:100,00 people.
tyrosenemia
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This disease is an inborn error of metabolism where urine darkens upon standing.
alkaptonuria
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alkaptonruia occurs in how many people?
1:250,000
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This disease is caused by a blocking of normal metabolism of leucine, isoleucine and valine. Death occurs in the first year.
Maple syrup urine disease
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What is the methodology used to test for MSUD.
guthrie test
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In alkaptonuria what causes urine to darken upon standing?
accumulation of homogentisic acid
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This amino acid uria causes a dislocation of the lens in the eye and metal retardation
homocystinuria
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What is the methodology used to test for homocystinuria?
guthrie test with L-methionine
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This defect in amino acid transport causes crystals and renal calculi.
cystinuria
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What is the methodology used to test for cystinuria?
cyanide nitroprusside
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This is a deficiency of isovaleryl-CoA that causes a sweaty feet odor in urine.
isovaleric acidemia
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Where are most plasma proteins synthesized?
in the liver by hepatocytes
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Which plasma proteins are synthesized in the Plasma cells?
immunoglobulins
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When amino acids are deaminated what is produced?
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This nitrogen balance is seen in growth, pregnancy and repair proocesses, when anabolism is greater than catabolism.
positive nitrogen balance
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This nitrogen balance is seen in tissue wasting, starvation, and burns when catabolism is greater than anabolism.
negative nitrogen balance
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This plasma protein migrates ahead of albumin during electrophoresis. it is decreased in necrosis and increased in steroids.
prealbumin
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This protein is a mobile repository of amino acids and is seen in highest concentrations in the serum.
albumin
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What are the two functions of albumin.
- maintenance of osmotic pressure
- binding of various substances in the blood
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malnutrition and muscle wasting will cause a(n) _______ in albumin.
decrease
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Dehydration will cause a(n) _________ in albumin.
increase
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This protein accounts for 90% of the fraction of serum proteins that migrate electrophoretically immediately following albumin.
alpha1-antitrypsin
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This protein is synthesized by the fetal yolk sack and then by the liver, it is thought to protect the fetus.
alpha1-fetoprotein
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this plasma protein in increased in spina bifida, fetal distress, HDN, and twins.
alpha1-fetoprotein
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This protein is decreased in down's syndrome.
alpha1-fetoprotein
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What is the normal screening time for alpha1-fetoprotein?
15-20 weeks
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What are the two methodologies for AFP? which one is the test of choice?
- Radial immunodiffusion
- ELISA-test of choice
-
This plasma protein is composed of five carbohydrate units attaached to a polypeptide chain and maybe involved with progesterone.
alpha1-acid glycoprotein
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This plasma protein is een increased in diseases associated with cellular proliferation and rheumatiod arthritis.
alpah1-acid glycoprotein
-
what are the methodologies used to test for alpha1-acid glycoprotein?
- radial immunodiffusion
- nephelometry
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This plasma protein is specific for neutralizing chymotrypsin and is associated with asthma and liver disease.
alpha1-antichymotrypsin
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These proteins are a chemical complex of lipids and proteins that are associated with diabetes and cardiac disease.
lipoproteins
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This protein is composed of two alpha and one beta chain, and is used to bind with hgb to remove hgb by the RE system.
haptoglobin
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increased levels of this protein are used to evaluate rheumatic disease or to determine severity of hemolysis in transfusion reactions and HDN.
Haptoglobin
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This is a copper containing protein that migrates as an alpha-2-globulin.
ceruloplasmin
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_______ of copper is in ceruloplasmin.
90% or more
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Oral estrogen or contraceptives will cause a(n) _________ in ceruloplasmin.
increase
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ceruloplasmin is ________ in wilson's disease and menke's kinky hair syndrome.
decreased
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This large protein is found in the intravascular spaces and is used to inhibit proteases.
alpha2-macroglobulin
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Alpha2-macroglobulin reference values for adult ______ is much higher than for adult ______.
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The major function of this protein is to transport iron and prevent iron loss through the kidneys.
transferrin B
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This is an iron storage complex commonly found in macrophages especially following a hemorrhage.
hemosiderin
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These proteins are synthesized in the parenchymal cells of the liver and are decreased inn hemolytic disorders.
hemopexin B
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These are several proteins that participate in immune reaction and inflammatory response.
complement
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Complement proteins are __________ in lupus, DIC, and malnutrition.
decreased
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This large protein is classified as a glycoprotein and is a precursor to form a fibrin clot.
fibrinogen
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These proteins are stimulated by an immune response and consist of IgG, IgA, IgM, igE, and IgD.
immunoglobulins
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This is a complex of three proteins that bind with calcium to regulate heart and skeletal muscle contraction.
Troponin
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This protein, used for early and late diagnosis, is 100% sensitive to detecing AMI from 12 hours to five days after chest pain onset.
troponin T
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This protein is found only in myocardium of adults and is specific for cardiac diseases.
Troponin I
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This protein binds with calcium to produce movement.
troponin C
-
This oxygen binding protein is not normally found in plasma unless post cellular injury.
myoglobin
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This protein acts as ascavenger molecule and rises sharply when there is tissue necrosis.
C-reactive protein
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these red-violet to red-brown proteins when seen in excess are a sign of abnormal heme synthesis
Phorphyrins
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Which organ regulates copper with absorption by need.
intestines
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What is the methodology for copper testing?
- atomic absorption spectroscopy
- plasma emission spectroscopy
-
Pregnant women and children should ensure adequate intake of which trace element?
zinc
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This trace element is essential in proper structural conformation of DNA.
Zinc
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This tumor marker is used to monitor breast cancer patients after mastectomy. it is more predictive than absolute.
CA 15-3
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This tumor marker is is used as a marker for colorectal and pancreatic carcinomas
CA 19-9
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This tumor marker is useful for predicting early recurrence of breast cancer but not recommended for breast cancer screening.
CA 27-29
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This tumor marker is most useful in ovarian and endometrial carcinomas.
CA 125
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This tumor marker is used to monitor tumor progess in patients who have diagnosed cancer.
CEA
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This test is specific for prostate tissue, but not for prostate cancer.
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
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This is the classic method of total protein testing based onb nitrogen determination.
kjeldahl method
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This is a highly precise and accurate total protein method. considered to be the standard by which all other methods are evaluated.
Kjeldahl method
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This is a quick and simple total protein method that requres very little serum , it is based on refraction of light.
refractometry
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This is the most widely used total protein method which is measured colorimetrically.
biruet method
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All major serum proteins carry a ________ charge at pH 8.6 and will migrate towards the anode.
negative
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What are the three dyes used in serum protein electrophoresis.
- ponceau S
- Amino Black
- Coomasie blue
-
What is the dye used to measure proteins in CSF?
Coomasie Blue
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This test is used to detect the presence or absence of immunoglobulins in the bood and assess the type.
immuno electrophoresis
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What are the normal ranges for immuno electrophoresis?
6.2-7.2 g/dL
-
This the the most widely used method for direct analysis of albumin.
dye-binding methods
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What is the dye of choice for albumin testing?
bromcresol green
-
What are the normal ranges for albumin testing?
3.8-5.1 g/dL
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