Psych 19 Ch. 3

1. Zygote: As the zygote moves down the fallopian tube, it duplicates, at first slowly then more rapidly

2. Blastocyst: By the fourth day it forms a hollow, fluid-filled ball called a blastocyst. The inner cells, called the embryonic disk, will become the new organisim. The outer cells or trophoblast will provide protective covering.

3. Implantation: At the end of the first week, the blastocyst begins to implant in the uterine lining.

• Female reproductive organs:
• -Ovary
• -Fallopian tubes
• -Uterus

• Period Length Key Events
• Zygote - 2wks - Fertilization, Implantation and start of placenta
• Embryo- 6wks - Arms, legs, face, organs, muscles all develop, heart begins beating
• Fetus - 30 wks-"growth and finishing"

(See table 3.1)

Any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.

Ex. Tobacco and Alcohol

• Depends on the following factors:
• -Dose
• -Heredity
• -Other negative influences
• -Age

• -Best known effect of smoking is low birth weight
• -If pregnant woman stops smoking at anytime (even during last trimester) she reduces the possibility of an underweight baby
• -Nicotine constricts blood vessels, lessens blood flow to the uterus and causes placenta to grow abnormally. Reduces transfer of nutrients, so the fetus can gain weight properly.
• -Nicotine also rises concentration of carbon monoxide, which damages the central nervous system and slows body growth.

During prenatal development causes children to be fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).

A range of physical, mental and behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure.

• Children with FASD display:
• -Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
• -Partial fetal alcohol syndrome (p-FAS)
• -Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND

• Displays the folowing:
• 1. Slow physical growth
• 2. Pattern of 3 facial abnormalities (short eyelid openings, thin upper lip, or indentation running from the bottom of the nose to the upper lip)
• 3. Brain injury (memory, language, communication, etc.)

• Characterized by:
• 1. 2 of 3 facial abnormalities (from FAS)
• 2. Brain injury again from FAS

• At least three areas of mental functioning are impaired, despite typical physical growth and absence of faical abnormalities.
• -Less common than in FAS

• Stage 1.
• -Dilation and effacement of the cervix
• -Transition

• Stage 2
• -Pushing
• -Birth of the baby

• Stage 3
• -Delivery of the placenta

Preterm: born weeks before their due date. May be appropriate weight for length of pregnancy.

Small-for-date: May be born at due date or preterm. Below expected wieght for length of pregnancy.

(APGAR: Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration) Assess the newborn's physical condition quickly

Signs: Heart rate, Respiratory effort, Reflex irritability, Muscle tone, and color (See Table 3.3)

Inadequate oxygen supply

An inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation.

• Reflexes are the following:
• -Eye blink
• -Rooting
• -Sucking
• -Moro
• -Palmar grasp
• -Tonic neck
• -Stepping
• -Babinski

(See table 3.4)