Chapter 28 Reading Check

• fought against monopolies, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice
• The purpose of the Progressives was to use the government as an agency of human welfare
• had their roots in the Greenback Labor Party of the 1870s and 1880s and the Populist Party of the 1890s

• corruption of trusts
• sincerely believed that cures for the ills of American democracy, was more democracy.

Socialists and feminists gained strength, these women entered the Progressive fight.

Cosmopolitan, Collier’s, and Everybody’s, began flinging the dirt about the trusts.

mostly middle-class citizens who felt squeezed by both the big trusts above and the restless immigrant hordes working for cheap labor that came from below.

The Progressives favored the “initiative” so that voters could directly propose legislation, the “referendum” so that the people could vote on laws that affected them, and the “recall” to remove bad officials from office. secret ballot (Australian ballot) to counteract the effects of party bosses, and have direct election of U.S. senators to curb corruption

the 17th Amendment provided for direct election of senators

• Progressive cities like Galveston, TX either used, for the first time, expert-staffed commissions to manage urban affairs
• designed to take politics out of municipal administration.

of New York, gained fame by investigating the malpractices of gas and insurance companies.

Progressives also made major improvements in the fight against child labor, especially after a 1911 fire in NYC which killed 146 workers, mostly young women.

found attorney Louis D. Brandeis persuading the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws that protected women workers.

invalidated a New York law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers.

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), founded by Frances E. Willard, and the Anti-Saloon League were formed.

in 1919, the 18th Amendment prohibited the sale and drinking of alcoho

the three Cs: control of the corporations, consumer protection, and the conservation of the United States’ natural resources.

was allowed to probe businesses engaged in interstate commerce; it was highly useful in “trust-busting.”

fined railroads that gave rebates and the shippers that accepted them.

restricted the free passes of railroads.

• Northern Securities Company, which was organized by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hil - "bad trust"
• Steel Company - "Good Trust"

did crack down on over 40 trusts, and he helped dissolve the beef, sugar, fertilizer, and harvester trusts

TRs successor, crushed more trusts than TR, and in one incident, when Taft tried to crack down on U.S. Steel, a company that had personally been allowed by TR to absorb the Tennessee Coal and Iron Company,

which decreed that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection from corral to can.

novel //The Jungle** enlightened the American public to the horrors of the meatpacking industry, thus helping to force changes.

tried to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals.

head of the federal Division of Forestry, he helped initiate massive conservation project

authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral.

called for Wall Street bankers to sluice their surplus dollars into foreign areas of strategic concern to the U.S., especially in the Far East and in the regions critical to the security of the Panama Canal

(1) the tariff and (2) conservation of lands

Old Republicans were high-tariff; new/Progressive Republicans were low tariff.