neuroanatomy

pia matter

C5-T1

L1-S2

L1-L2

S2

• 8 cervical
• 12 thoracic
• 5 lumbar
• 5 sacral
• 1 coccyx

• 7 cervical
• 12 thoracic
• 5 lumbar
• 5 sacral
• 4 coccyx

L2-Coccyx

found at T1-L3 and has ANS system neurons (sympathetic)

• ventral horn
• dorsal horn
• lateral horn
• ventral median fissure
• dorsal median sulcus and septum
• central canal
• ventrolateral sulcus
• dorsal intermediate sulcus and septum
• ventral white commissure

motor/sensor radiculopathy

• tactile descrimination
• vibration
• form recognition
• joint and muscle sensation
• concious proprieception
• joint receptors, muscle spindles

• 1) located at DRG
• give rise to fasciculus gracilis or fasciculus cuneatus
• axons which terminate at those nuclei
• 2) located at gracile and cuneate nuclei of the caudal medulla
• give rise to internal arcuate fibers that decussate and form the medial lemniscus.
• terminates at contralateral VPL nucleus of thalamus
• 3) located at VPL nucleus of the thalamus
• project via the posterior limb of internal capsule to the postcentral gyrus.

• comprises anterolateral system with lateral spinothalamic tract
• concerned with light touch, stroking skin with cotton.

• 1) DRG at all levels
• project axons into medial root entry zone in the dorsal horn
• 2) located in the dorsal horn
• give rise to axons that decussate in the ventral white commisure and ascend in the contralateral ventral funiculus
• terminate in the VPL nucleus of the thalamus
• 3) are found in the VPL nucleus of the thalamus
• project via the posterior limb of the internal capsule and corona radiata to the postcentral gyrus

mediates itch, paint, temperature

• 1) located at DRG at all levels
• project axons via dorolateral tract of Lissauer to neurons in dorsal horn
• 2) located at dorsal horn
• give rse to axos that decussate in the ventral white commisure and ascend in the ventral half of the lateral funiculus
• project collaterals to the reticular formation
• terminate contralaterally in the VPL nucleus and bilaterally in the intralaminar nuclei of thalamus
• 3) located at VPL nucleus and intralaminar nucleus of thalamus
• a) VPL neurons project via the posterior limb of i.c. to the somatesthetic cortex
• b)intralaminar neurons projecy to caudatoputamen and frontal and parietal cortex

• fine coordination of posture and the movement of indivdual muscles.
• unconscious proprioceptive information
• uncrossed tract

• 1) located at DRG from C8 to S3
• project to nueron at dorsal horn
• 2) located at dorsal horn
• give rise to axons that ascend in the lateral funiculus and reach the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle
• axons terminate ipsilaterally as mossy fibers in the cortex of the rstral and caudal cerebellar vermis

• fine coordination of posture and the movement of entire lower extremity
• unconscious proprioceptive information
• crossed tract

• 1) located at DRG from L1 to S2
• synapse on spinal border cells
• 2) spinal border cell at ventral horns
• give rise to axons that decussate in the ventral white commissure and ascend lateral to the lateral spinothalamic tract in the lateral funiculus
• enter the cerebellum via superior cerebellar peduncle and terminate contralaterally as mossy fibers in the cortex of the rostral cerebellar vermis

upper extremity equivalent of dorsal spinocerebellar tract

• 1) located at DRG from C2 to T7
• project axons via fasciculus cuneatus to the caudal medulla
• 2) located at acessory cuneate nucleus of the medulla
• give rise to axons that project to cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle
• terminate ipsilateraly in the arm region of nterior lobe of cerebellum

the pons

ponto-medullary sulcus

• הגג של
• midbrain
• tectum = plata quadrigemina = superior & inferior colliculi

through superior brachium

• in: ear and cohlear
• out: auditory cortex

through inferior brachium

cohlear -> inferior colliculli -> MGB -> auditory cortex

• bilateral Pupillary light reflex
• connects pretectal nucleus

below inferior colliculli

between the cros cerebri, below mammilary bodies

The facial colliculus is an elevated area located on the dorsal pons in the floor of the 4th ventricle. It is formed by motor fibers of the facial nerve as they loop over the abducens nucleus. Thus a lesion to the facial colliculus would result in facial muscle paralysis.

The anterior part of the fourth ventricle is named, from its shape, the rhomboid fossa, and its anterior wall, formed by the back of the pons and medulla oblongata, constitutes the floor of the fourth ventricle.It is covered by a thin layer of gray substance continuous with that of the medulla spinalis; superficial to this is a thin lamina of neuroglia which constitutes the ependyma of the ventricle and supports a layer of ciliated epithelium.

בליטה אחורית מדיאלית במדולה. מביאה תחושה מהרגל

בליטה לטראלית אחורית במדולה והיא מביאה תחושה מהיד

the tectum is dorsal to cerebral aqueduct and tegmentum is ventral cerebral aqueduct

basilar part of pons and tegmentum of pons

• 1) anterior - limbic and motor
• 2) medial
• 3) ventral
• 3a) ventral anterior
• 3b) ventral lateral
• 3c) ventral posterior
• 3ci) VPL - body sense information, afferent to post central gyrus
• 3cii) VPM - head sense information, afferent to post central gyrus
• LGB & MGB posterior to VP
• pulvinar is the most posterior

olfactory nerve

optic nerve

temporal ipsilateral and nasal contralateral

• גידול של היפופיזה שלוחת על מרכז הכיאזמה האופטית.
• אדם עם סימפטום זה לא רואה את הצדדים הטמפורלים של שדה הראייה בגלל לחץ על האקסונים שמגיעים מהצד הנזאלי של הרשתית.