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Ingestion
intake of food into mouth.
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Mastication (2)
- Pulverizing food (chewing)
- Starch break down (amylase from saliva)
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rhythmic, wavelike contractions that move through tubular alimentary canal. (GI tract)
Peristalsis
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Passage of reduced food molecules through mucous membranes of small intestine to blood and/or lymphatic cells
Absorption
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Discharge of indigestible wastes (feces)
Defecation
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lingual frenulum
- mucous membrane attachment on bottom of tongue. (
- web)
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What are the 3 types of taste buds found on tongue?
- Circumvallate papillae
- Filiform papillae
- Fungiform papillae
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Circumvallate papillae: (moat around the castle)
*shape
*type of taste responds to
*Where its located
- V shape
- Bitter taste
- furthest back
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Filiform papillae:
*shape
*type of taste responds to
*Where its located
*quantity
*composed of
- Cone shape
- no taste buds
- middle of tongue
- most numerous
- Keratin
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Fungiform papillae:
*shape
*type of taste responds to
*Where its located
- Fungus (fist) shaped
- sweet,salty, and sour
- anterior 2/3 of tongue
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What does Salivary glands secrete? It is secreated via _____.
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Secretions via ducts
exocrine glands
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Secretions directly into blood
endocrine glands
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Rounded sacs contained in gland at the end of ducts
Acini
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What are the 3 epithelium of acini and what is each?
- Serous cells- watery fluid+AMALASE(digestive enzyme)
- Mucous cells- viscous mucus fluid
- Myoepithelial cells- surround acini/ducts; mini-pumps
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What are the 3 pairs of major salivary glands?
- Parotid
- submandibular
- sublingual
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Where is the submandibular gland?
Floor of the mouth near lower jaw
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what are serous cells?
what do they produce:
They produce a _____ _____ that contains a digestive enzyme called _____ _____.
secretory cells and they produce a watery fluid that contains a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase
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human submandibular glands are made up of mostly what kinds of cells?
Serous cells
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What is saliva?
mixture of all three salivary glands
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What are the 3 types of saliva from the 3 main glands?
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What salivary gland secretes a clear watery fluid rich in amylase?
Parotid glands
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What salivary gland secretes primaraly serous fluid but with more mucus?
Submandibular gland
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What salivary gland secretes primarily thick, stringy mucus?
sublingual glands
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What is the name for baby teeth?
erupst approx. what age?
Full set of _____ usually by age _____?
- Deciduous
- 6months
- 20 by age 2
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The second set of teeth are also called _____
permanent set
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All second teeth are permanent except ____ these erupt by _____.
- Third molars
- by end of adolescence
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The permanent teeth have _____ quadrants _____ teeth in total _____ teeth per quadrants.
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Incisors:
how many in each quadrant?
What are they used for?
Where are they?
- 2
- Cutting
- first teeth in front and second
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Canine:
Also called?
Used for?
How many in each quadrant?
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Premolars:
Also called?
How many are in each quadranr?
Used for what?
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Molars:
Also called?
Used for what?
How many in each quadrant?
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What are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal wall?
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscular layer
- serosa
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What are the 3 functions of the mucosa layer of the alimentary canal wall ?
What 3 things is it composed by?
- protection, secretion, absorption
- Epithelium, connective tissue, smooth muscle
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What are the 2 functions of the submucosa layer of the alimentary canal?
What 4 things is it composed of?
- Nourishes surrounding tissues, transports absorbed materials.
- Loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves.
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What is the function of the muscular layer of the alimentary canal?
What type of muscle is it composed of?
- Movements of the tube and its contents
- Smooth muscle
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What are the 2 functions of the serosa layer of the alimentary canal?
What 2 things is it composed of?
- Protection and lubrication
- epithelium and connective tissue
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What are the 3 muscle layers of the stomach?
- Longitudinal layer (Outermost)
- Circular layer (Middle)
- Oblique muscle layer (Innermost)
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What is another name the longitudinal (Outermost) layer of the stomach?
Muscularis externa
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Most of the stomach epithelium is highly _____?
Glandular
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What is the pH in the stomach?
1.5- 3.0!!!!
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A hormone produced by cells in the pyloric region which increases the secretory output of gastric glands
Gastrin
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A hormone produced by some cells in the stomach which decreases the secretory output of gastric juices
Somatostatin
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What two things denature proteins?
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Mucinogens are made by what ?
Goblet cells
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Food and Saliva make up what?
Bolus
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Where is insulin made ?
Pancreas
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Where is the gallbladder located?
Tucked in under liver?
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What type of epithelium is in the stomach ?
Simple columnar
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What is the greater omentum composed of ?
Lymphatic vessels and capillaries
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What is the haardest substance in the body and what is it composed of?
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The gum is also called what ?
gingiva
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This is bone like, is what the tooth is mostly made up of and it is right under the enamel?
Dentin
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Tooth:
Contains nerves, blood, and lymph vessels
Pulp cavity
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Tooth:
Fibrous ligament that lines the socket and achors the tooth
Periodontal membrane
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Tooth:
The thin adhesive layer between tooth and periodontal ligament
Cementum
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Tooth:
The opening where the nerves come in
Apical foramen
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The smooth muscle layer of the digestive tract work of the basis of what?
Peristalsis
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What type of epithelium is in the esophagus?
Stratified squamous
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The sphincter that is between the esophagus and the stomach is called _____ or _____ _____ sphincter.
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Food and gastric juices make up what ?
Chyme
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Stomach:
The neck contains what two things?
Mucous cells and goblet cells
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Parietal cells also called Oxyntic cells in Stomach make what 2 things?
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What do the intrinsic factor that is made by the parietal cells in the stomach aid in?
B-12 absorption
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The HCl in the stomach is made by the _____ cells. Its functions are to _____ and is required to convert Pepsinogen into _____.
- Parietal
- Kill pathogens
- Pepsin
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Stomach:
Chief cells are also called _____ and secrete _____.
- Zymogenic cells
- Pepsinogen
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Pepsin is a what?
Protein splitting enzyme
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What converts pepsinogen into pepsin?
HCl
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What are the four main components of gastric juice?
- Pepsinogen/pepsin
- HCl
- Mucus
- Intrinsic factor
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