med terms

tasteless, odorless, colorless gas produced by the body cells during the metabolic process. It is a product of cell respiration and is carried by the blood to the lungs and exhaled

tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone. The tip of the nose and outer ear are composed of cartilage

any hairlike structure. Cilia in the trachea move particles upward to the pharynx, where they are removed by coughing, sneezing, or swallowing. This method is called the cilia escalator. Habitual smoking destroys the cilia escalator.

moving or spreading out of a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces

state in which the regulatory mechanisms of the body maintain a constant internal environment despite changes in the external environment. The regulatory mechanisms of the body control temperature, acidity, and the concentration of salt, food and waste products

moist tissue layer lining hollow organs and cavities of the body that open to the environment; also called mucosa

tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration. O2 makes up about one-fifth (by volume) of the atmosphere

symbol that indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance. Increasing acidity is a number less than 7; increasing alkalinity is a number greater than 7, with 7 being neutral

wall dividing two cavities, such as the nasal septum, which separates the two nostrils

thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities, the cells of which secrete a fluid that keeps the membranes moist; also called serose

• (Upper Respiratory Tract) meaning nose
• Ex: nas/al- pertaining to the nose

• (Upper Respiratory Tract) meaning nose
• Ex: rhin/o/plasty- surgical repair of the nose

• (Upper Respiratory Tract) meaning septum
• Ex: sept/o/plasty- surgical repair of the septum

• (Upper Respiratory Tract) menaing sinus, cavity
• Ex: sinus/o/tomy- incision of any of the sinuses

• (Upper Respiratory Tract) meaning adenoids
• Ex: adenoid/ectomy: excision of the adenoids

• (Upper Respiratory Tract) meaning tonsils
• Ex: peri/tonsill/ar- pertaining to (the area) around the tonsils

• (Upper Respiratory Tract) meaning pharynx (throat)
• Ex: pharyng/o/scope- instrument used for examining the pharynx

• (Upper Respiratory Tract) meaning epiglottis
• Ex: epiglott/itis- inflammation of the epiglottis

• (Upper Respiratory Tract) meaning larynx (voicebox)
• Ex: laryng/o/plegia- paralysis of the (vocal cords and) larynx

• (Upper Respiratory Tract) meaning trachea (windpipe)
• Ex: trache/o/plasty- surgical repair of the trachea

• (Lower Respiratory Tract) meaning bronchus
• Ex: bronchi/ectasis- dilation of (one or more) bronchi

• (Lower Respiratory Tract) meaning bronchus
• Ex: bronch/o/scope- instrument for examining the bronchus or bronchi

• (Lower Respiratory Tract) meaning bronchiole
• Ex: bronchiol/iti- inflammation of the bronchioles

• (Lower Respiratory Tract) meaning alveolus; air sac
• Ex: alveol/ar- pertaining to the alveoli

• (Lower Respiratory Tract) meaning pleura
• Ex: pleur/o/centesis- surgical puncture of the pleura cavity; also called thoracocentesis or thoracentesis

• (Lower Respiratory Tract) meaning air; lung
• Ex: pneum/ectomy- excision of (all or part of) a the lung

• (Lower Respiratory Tract) meaning air; lung
• Ex: pneumon/ia- condition of inflammation of the lungs

• (Lower Respiratory Tract) meaning lung
• Ex: pulmon/ollogist- specialist in the study (and treatment) of lungs (and respiratory diseases)

• coal; coal dust
• Ex: anthrac/osis- abnormal condition of coal dust (in the lungs)

• incomplete; imperfect
• Ex: atel/ectasis- incomplete expansion of the lung; also called airless lung or collapsed lung

• dust
• Ex: pneum/o/coni/osis- condition of dust in the lungs

• blue
• Ex: cyan/osis- abnormal condition of blueness

• lobe
• Ex: lob/ectomy- exicision of a lobe

• straight
• Ex: orth/o/pnea- breathing in a straight (or upright position)

• oxygen
• Ex: ox/i/meter- instrument used for measuring oxygen

• oxygen
• Ex: hyp/ox/emia- deficiency of oxygen in the blood

• chest
• Ex: pector/algia- pain in the chest; also called thoracalgia, thoracdynia, pectordynia

• chest
• Ex: steth/o/scope- instrument used for examining the chest

• chest
• Ex: thorac/o/pathy- disease of the chest

• diaphragm; mind
• Ex: phren/o/spasm- involuntary contraction of the diaphragm

• breathe
• Ex: spir/o/meter- instrument for measuring breathing

• carbon dioxide
• Ex: hyper/capnia- excessive CO2

• smell
• Ex: an/osmia- without (the sense of) smell

• voice
• Ex: dys/phania- bad (impaired) voice quality

• breathing
• Ex: a/pnea- not breathing

• spitting
• Ex: hem/o/ptysis- (coughing up or) spitting of blood

• chest
• Ex: py/o/thorax- pus in the chest (cavity); also called empyema

• slow
• Ex: brady/pnea- slow breathing

• bad; painful; difficult
• Ex: dys/pnea- difficult breathing

• good; normal
• Ex: eu/pnea- normal breathing

• rapid
• Ex: tachy/pnea- rapid breathing

excessive acidity of body fluids. Respiratory acidosis is commonly associated with pulmonary insufficiency and the subsequent retention of carbon dioxide

absence of the sense of smell. Anosmia usually occurs as a temporary condition resulting from an upper respiratroy infection or a condition that causes intranasal swelling

temporary loss of breathing. There are three types of apnea: obstructive (enlarged tonsils and adenoids), central (failure of the brain to transmit impulses for breathing), and mixed (combination of obstructive and central apnea)

condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen. Some common causes of asphyxia are drowning, electric shock, lodging of a foreign body in the respiratory tract, inhation of toxic smoke, and poisoning

collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affect all or part of a lung. Atelectasis is a potential complication of some surgical procedures, especially those of the chest because breathing is commonly shallow after surgery to avoid pain from the surgical incision. In fetal atelectasis, the lungs fail to expand normally at birth.

repeated breathung pattern characterized by fluctuation in the depth of respiration, first deeply, then shallow, then not at all. Cheyne-Stokes respirations are usually caused by diseases that affect the repiratory centers of the brain (such as heart failure ad brain damage)

ease with which lung can be stretched. Low compliance means lungs are less elastic; therefore, more effort is required to inflate the lungs

head cold; upper respiratory infection (URI)

abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation, caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli; also called rale

common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages, and sometimes, lungs. Signs and symptoms include a resonant, barking cough with suffocative, difficult breathing; laryngeal spasms, and, sometimes, the narrowing of the top of the air passages.

displacement of cartilage dividing nostrils

severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between 2 and 12 years of age. Signs and symptoms of epiglottitis include fever, dysphagia, inspiratory stridor, and severe respiratory distress. Intubation or tracheostomy may be required to open the obstructed airway.

nosebleed; nasal hemorrhage

enlargement of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, commonly associated with pulmonary disease

defieciency of oxygen in the blood. Hypoxemia is usually a sign of repiratory impairment.

defiency of oxygen in the tissues. Hypoxia is usually a sign of repiratory impairment.

acute infectious disease characterized bt a cough that has a "whoop" sound; also called the whopping cough.

inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing; also called pleuritis

disease caused by inhaling dust particles, including coal dust (anthracosis), stone dust (chalicosis), iron dust (siderosis), and asbestos particles (asbestosis)

accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, caused most commonly by heart failure. Excessive fluid in the lungs induces coughing and dyspnea.

Blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (such as a blood clot, issue, air bubbles, and bacteria)

abnormal breathe sound heard on auscultation. A rhoncus is described as a course, rattling noise that resembles snoring, commonly suggesting secretions in the larger airways.

high-pitched, harsh, adventitious breath sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway. The presence of stridor requires immediate intervention.

completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than 12 months of age; also called crib death. The rate of SIDS has decreased more than 30% since parents have been instructed to place babies on their backs for sleeping rather than on their stomachs.

whistling or sighing sound heard on auscultation that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway. Wheezing is a characteristic of asthma, croup, hay fever, obstructive emphysema, and other obstructive respiratory conditions.

intradermal test to determine tuberculin sensitivity based on a positive reaction where the area around the test site becomes red and swollen. A positive test suggests a past or present exposure to TB or past TB vaccination. However, the Mantoux test does not diffrentiate between active and inactive infection.

noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) saturated with oxygen; also called pulse oximetry. In oximetry, a probe is attached to the patient's finger or ear lobe and linked to a computer that displays the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen.

test of sleep cycles and stages using continuous recordings of brain waves (EEGs), electrical activity of muscles, eye movement (electro-oculogram), respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, heart rhythm and, sometimes, direct observation of the person during sleep using a video camera.

multiple tests used to evaluate the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air as well as perform gas exchange across the alveolocapillary membrane.

measurement of ventilatory ability by accessing lung capacity and flow, including the time necessary for exhaling the total volume of inhaled air. A spirometer produces a graphic record for placement in the patient's chart.

visual examination of the bronchi using an endoscope (flexible fiberoptic or rigid) inserted through the nose or mouth or trachea for direct viewing of structures or for projection on a monitor. Attachments on the bronchoscope can be used to suction mucus, remove foreign bodies, collect sputum, or perform biopsy.

visual examination of the larynx to detect tumores, foreign bodies, nerve pr structural injury, or other abnormalties.

visual examination of the mediastinal structures including the heart, trachea. esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes. the mediastinoscope is inserted through a small incision made above the sternum. The attached camera projects images on a monitor. Additional incisions may be made if nodes are removed or other diagnostic or therapeutic procedures are performed.

test that measures partial pressure of oxygen (Po2), carbon dioxide (Pco2), pH (acidity or alkalinity), and bicarbonate level of an arterial blood. ABG analysis evaluates pulmonary gas exhange and helps guide treatment of acid-base imbalances.

microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that cause pneumonias.

measurement of the amount of salt (sodium chloride) in sweat. A sweat test is used almost exclusively in children to confirm cystic fibrosis.

test used to identify pathogens, especially group A sreptococci. Untreated streptococci infections may lead to serious secondary complications, including kidney and heart disease.

process of producing images using x-ray passed through the body or area and captured on a film.

Images of the chest taken from anteroposterior (AP) projection, posteroanterior (PA) projection, lateral projection, or a combination of these projections

imaging procedure that gathers infromation about a specific organ or structure of the body. In some cases, small amounts of injected radionuclide (tracer) are used to enhance images.

Lung----> nucluear scanning test primarily used to detect pulmonary emboli

lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageways. Techniques include nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), and dry powder inhalers (DPIs)

irrigating or washing out of an orgnam, stomach, bladder, bowel, or body cavity with a stream of water or other fluid

irrigation of the antrum (maxillary sinus) in chronic or nonresponsive sinusitis

positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs

excision of part of the pleura., usually the parietal

excision of a lung

surgical repair of a devastated nasal septum usually performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures

surgical puncture and drainage of the pleura cavity; also called pleuracentesis or thoracentesis

• block histamines from binding with histamine receptor sites in tissues
• Generic and trade names: fexofenadine; loratadine

• relieve or suppress coughing by blocking the cough reflex in the medulla of the brain
• Generic and trade names: hydrocordone, dextromethorphan

• stimulate bronchial muscles to relax, thereby expanding air passages, resulting in increased air flow
• Generic and trade names: albuterol; salmeterol

• act on the immune system by blocking porduction of substances that trigger allergic and inflammatory actions
• Generic and trade names: beclomethasone dipropionate; triamcinolone

• constrict blood vessels of nasal passages and limit blood flow, which causes swollen tissues to shrink so that air can pass more freely through the passage ways
• Generic and trade names: oxymetazoline; pseudophedrine

• liquify respiratory secretions so that they are more easily dislodged during coughing episodes
• Generic and trade names: guaifenesin

• ABG- Arterial Blood Gas(es)
• AFB- acid-fast bacillus (TB organism)
• AP- anteroposterior
• ARDS- acute respiratory distress syndrome
• COPD- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• CPAP- continuous positive airway pressure

• CPR- cardiopulmonary resuscitation
• CT- computed tomography
• CXR- chest x-ray, chest radiograph
• DPI- dry powder inhalers
• DPT- diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
• EEG- encephalogram, encephalography

• FVC- forced vital capacity
• HMD- hyaline membrane disease
• Hx- history
• IPPB- intermittent positive-pressure breathing
• IRDS- infant respiratory distress syndrome
• MDI- metered dose inhaler

• MRI- magnetic resonance imaging
• NMT- nebulized mist treatment
• PA- posteroanteriot; pernicious anemia
• PCP- pneumocytis pneumonia; primary care physician; phencylidine (hallucinogen)
• PFT- pulmonary function test
• PND- paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

• RD- respiratory distress
• RDS- respiratory distress syndrome
• SaO2- arterial oxygen saturation
• SOB- shortness of breath
• T&A- tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
• TB- tuberculosis

portion of the nervous system that regulates involuntery actions, such as heart rate, digestion, and peristalsis.

thin, flattened structure; term used to describe the leaf-shaped structures that compose a heart valve.

tubular space or channel within any organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube

backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening

circular muscle found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constricts or dilates to regulate passage of substances through its opening

narrowing of the lumen of a bloos vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes

widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relazing of the muscles of the vascular walls

state of being sticky or gummy. A solution that has a high viscosity is relatively thick and flows slowly.

• widened blood vessel
• Ex: aneurysm/o/rrhaphy- suture of an aneurysm

• vessel (usually blood or lymph)
• Ex: angi/o/plasty- surgical repair of a vessel

• vessel (usually blood or lymph)
• Ex: vascul/itis- inflammation of (blood) vessels

• aorta
• Ex: aort/o/stenosis- narrowing of the aorta
• -stenosis- narrowing, stricture

• artery
• Ex: arteri/o/rrhexis- rupture of an artery
• -rrhexis: rupture

• arteriole
• Ex: arteriol/itis- inflammation of an arteriole

• atrium
• Ex: artri/o/megaly- enlargement of the atrium

• fatty plaque
• Ex: ather/oma- tumor of fatty plaque

• heart
• Ex: cardi/o/megaly- enlargement of the heart

• electricity
• Ex: electr/o/card/o/gram- record of the electrical (impulses) of the heart

• embolus (plug)
• Ex: embol/ectomy- removal of an embolus

• blood vessel
• Ex: hemangi/oma- tumor of blood vessels

• muscle
• Ex: my/o/cardi/al- pertaining to heart muscle

• vein
• Ex: phleb/ectasis- expansion of a vein

• vein
• Ex: ven/o/stasis- standing still of (blood in a) vein; also called phlebstasis

• hardening; sclera (white of the eye)
• Ex: arteri/o/scler/osis- abnormal condition of hardening of the artery

• pulse
• Ex: sphygm/oid- resembling a pulse

• narrowing, stricture
• Ex: sten/o/tic- pertaining to a narrowing or a stricture

• blood clot
• Ex: thromb/o/lysis- destruction of a blood clot

• ventricle (of the heart or brain)
• Ex: ventricul/ar- pertaining to a ventricle (chamber of the heart or brain)

• record, writing
• Ex: arteri/o/gram- record of an artery

• instrument used for recording
• Ex: electr/o/cardi/o/graph- instrument for recording electrical (activity) of the heart

• process of recording
• Ex: angi/o/graphy- process of recording (an image of) a vessel

• pulse
• Ex: a/sphyxia- without a pulse; also called suffocation

• narrowing, stricture
• Ex: aort/o/stenosis- narrowing of the aorta

• in, within
• Ex: endo/vascul/ar- relating to (the area) within a vessel

• outside
• Ex: extra/vascul/ar- relating to the (area) outside a vessel

• around
• Ex: peri/cardi/al- pertaining to (the area) around the heart

• across
• Ex: trans/sept/al- across the septum

localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery

• condition of being stopped or bringing to a stop
• loss of effective cardiac function, which results in cessation of circulation
• cessation of the circulation of blood due to ventricular standstill or fibrillation

inability of the heart to maintain a normal sinus rhythm, possibly including a rapid or slow beat or "skipping" a beat; also called dysrhythmia

soft blowing sound heard on auscultation, possibly due to vibrations associated with the movement of blood, valvular action, or both; also called murmur

any disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminshes cardiac function

thin, flexible, hollow plastic tube that is small enough to be threaded through a vein, artery, or tubular structure

narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta

blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs

calculation of how much blood a ventricle can eject with one contraction

failure of the heart to supply an adequate amount of blood to tissues and organs

mass of undissolved matter (foreign object, air, gas, tissue, thrombus) circulating in blood or lymphatic channels until it becomes lodged in a vessel

quivering or spontaneous muscle contractions, especially of the heart, causing ineffectual contractions

arrest (stop) of bleeding or circulation

excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood

• common disorder characterized by elevated blood pressure persistently exceeding 140 mm Hg systolic or 90 mm Hg diastolic
• HTN in which there is no identifiable cause; also called essential hypertension
• HTN that results from an underlying, identifiable, commonly correctable cause

any heart disorder caused by prolonged hypertension, including left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrythmias, and heart failure

implantable battery-powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation by sending electrical impulses to the heart

area of tissue that undergoes necrosis following cessation of blood supply

local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to circulatory obstruction

common and occasionally serious condition in which the leaflets of the mitral valve prolapse into the left atrium during systole causing a characteristic murmur heard on auscultation

chemical radiactive material uses as a tracer to follow a substance through the body or a structure

sensation that the heart is not beating normally, possibly including "thumping", "fluttering", "skipped beats", or a pounding feeling in the chest

failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, allowing blood to flow from the aorta into the pulmonary (lung) artery

circulation of blood through tissues or the passage of fluids through vessels of an organ

congenital anomaly consisting of four elements: (1) pulmonary artery stenosis; (2) intraventricular septal defect; (3) transposition of the aorta, so that both ventricles empty into the aorta; (4) right ventricular hypertrophy caused by increased workload of the right ventricle

slendeer or threadlike device used to hold upon vessels, tubes, or obstructed arteries

blood clot that obstructs a vessel

passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to prvide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

graphic line recording that shows the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs

• ECG taken with a small portable recorfing system capable of storing up to 24 hours of ECG tracings
• ECG that utilizes a radioisotope to evaluate coronary blood flow
• ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions

blood test that measures troponin T, troponin I, and creatinine kinase (CK-MB)

series of tests (total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease

• radiographic imaging of the heart and blood vessels after injection of a constrast dye
• angiography to determine the degree od obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart
• angiography in which two radiographic images are obtained, the first one without contrast material and the second one after a contrast material has been injected, and then compared by a computer that digitally subtracts (removes) the images of soft tissues, bones, and muscles, leaving only the image of blood vessels with contrast

radiological examination of the aorta and its branches following injection of a contrast medium via a catheter

• noninvasive diagnostic method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures and produce images of the heart
• noninvasive adaption of ultrasound technology in which blood flow velocity is assessed in different areas of the heart

noninvasive technique that uses radiowaves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of blood vessels

nuclear proceudure that uses radioactive tracers to produce movie-like images of the structures of the heart, including the myocardium and the mitral and tricuspid valves

imaging technique that provides a graphic display of heart sounds and murmurs during the cardiac cycle

• diagnostic test that uses radiation emitted by the body after an injection of radioactive substances to create images of various organs or identify body functions and diseases
• scintigraphy procedure that uses injected radioactive thallium and records the uptake of the isotope with a gamma camera to produce and image

radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filling of a vein, which indicates obstruction

procedure to restore normal rhythm of the heart by applying a controlled electrical shock to the exterior of the chest

techniques used to block blood flow to a site by passing a catheter to the area and injecting a synthetic material or medication specially designed to occlude the blood vessel

injection of a chemical irritant (sclerosing agent) into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein.

• procedure that alters a vessel through surgery or dilation of the vessel using a balloon catheter
• surgical procedure that uses a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked part of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle
• dilation of an occluded vessel using a balloon catheter under fluroscopic guidance

removal of material from an occluded vessel using a specifically designed catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device

• removal and examination of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes
• removal and examination od a segment of an arterial vessel wall to confirm inflammation of the wall or arteritis, a type of vasculitis

destruction of conduction tissue of the heart to interrupt the abnormal conductive pathway causing the arrythmia, thus allowing normal heart rhythm to resume

surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their "commisures" (points of touching)

procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins

tying a varicose vein (ligation) followed by removal (stripping) of the affected segment

surgical procedure performed on or within the exposed heart, usually with the assistance of a heart-lung machine

puncturing of the pericardium to remove excess fluid from the pericardial sac or to test for protein, sugar, and enzymes or determine the causative organism of pericarditis

• destruction of a blood clot using anticlotting agents called clot-busters, such as tissue plasminogen activator
• infusion of a thrombolytic agent into a vessel to dissolve a blood clot

incision of a valve to increase the size of the opening; used in treating mitral stenosis

puncture of a vein by a needle attached to a syringe or catheter to withdraw a specimen of blood; also called phlebotomy

• lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I (an inactive enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent constrictor)
• Generic and trade names: benazepril; captopril

• prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrhythmias (dysrrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart
• Generic and trade names: flecainide

• block the effect of adrenaline on beta receptors, which slow nerve impulses that pass through the heart, thereby causing a decrease heart rate and contractility
• Generic and trade names: atenolol; metoprolol

• block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease
• Generic and trade names: amlodipine; diltiazem; nifedipine

• act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium
• Generic and trade names: furosemide

• dilate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium, and decrease venous return and arterial resistance, which decreases myocardial oxygen demand and relieves angina.
• Generic and trade names: nitroglycerin

• peripheral dilators treat peripheral vascular diseases, diabetic peripheral vascular insufficiency, and Raynaud disease
• Generic and trade names: cyclandelate; isoxsuprine

• lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it
• Generic and trade names: atorvastatin; simvastatin; simvastatin and ezetimibe

• AAA- abnormal aortic aneurysm AST- angiotensin sensitivity test
• ACE- angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor) AV- atrioventricular; atriovenous
• AF- atrial fibrillation BBB- bundle-branch block
• AS- aortic stenosis BP, B/P- blood pressure
• ASD- atrial septal defect CA- cancer; chronological age; cardiac arrest
• ASHD- arteriosclerotic heart disease CABG- coronary artery bypass graft

• CAD- coronary artery disease CV- cardiovascular
• CC- cardiac catheterization DES- drug-eluting stent
• CCU- coronary care unit DOE- dyspnea on exertion
• CHD- coronary heart disease DSA- digital subtraction angiography
• Chol- cholesterol DVT- deep vein thrombosis; deep venuos thrombosis
• CK- creatine kinase (cardiac enzymes); conductive keratoplasty EF- ejection fraction

• ETT- exercise tolerance test LA- left atrium
• HDL- high-desity lipoprotein LD- lactate dehydrogenase; lactic acid dehydrogenase (cardiac enzyme)
• HF- heart failure LDL- low-density lipoprotein
• HTN- hypertension LV- left ventricle
• ICD- implantable cardioverter defribrillator MI- myocardial infarction
• IV- intravenous MR- mitral regurgitation

• MRA- magnetic resonance angiogram; magnetic resonance angiography NSR- normal sinus rhythm
• MRI- magnetic resonance imaging PAC- premature atrial contraction
• MS- musculoskeletal; multiple schlerosis; mitral stenosis; mental status PTCA- percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
• MUGA- multiple-gated acquisition (scan) PVC- premature ventricular contraction
• MVP- mitral valve prolapse RA- right atrium

• RV- residual volume
• SA, S-A- sinoatrial
• VSD- ventricular septal defect
• VT- ventricular tachycardia