What is the first spectrum of the source-filter theory of vowel production and is also called the glottal spectrum(because the glottis is the source of the vowel sound/voicing; sound exists at larynx before being filtered by vocal tract)?
Source Function
What is the second specturm of the source-filter theory of vowel production where a resonance curverepresents frequency response of the adult male vocal tract positioned for schwa vowel (with resonances at 500, 1500, & 2500 Hz)?
Transfer function
What is the third spectrum of the source-filter theory of vowel production which shows the sound when it emerges at the lipsafter it's been filtered. (Same F0 & harmonics as in glottal source but amplitudes have been modified)
Output function
What 2 things are always true of F1?
Lowest in frequency
Most intense
How many formants do we recognize in speech?
3
Irregular shapeof the vocal tract makes it a ________ _______ resonator that transmits a wide range of frequencies around each resonanting frequency (RF).
Broadly Tuned resonator
The vocal tract is a _______-_______ resonator which means that it's a tube closed at the glottis and open at the lips.
Quarter-Wave resonator
Vocal tract is a __________ resonator whose frequency response changesdepending on its shape. Varying areas of cavities resonate at different frequencies.
Variable resonator
Vocal tract consists of a series of connected air-filled containers (pharynx, oral cavity, & nasal cavity) that act as a ________-________ ________ to transmit certain frequencieswithin its bandwidth.
Pass-Band Resonator/Band-Pass Filter
What happens to frequencies that are outside of the Pass-Band Filters of the vocal tract?
They are attenuated
The vocal tract resonates at numerous resonating frequencies. RFs are odd-number multiples of the lowest RF. RFs of the vocal tract are called _________. If
F1 has a frequency of X, then
F2 will have a frequency of ______
F3 will have a frequency of ______
Formants
F1=250 Hz then F2=750 Hz
F1=250 Hz then F3=1250 Hz
F2=300 Hz then F3=500 Hz
F3=250 Hz then F1=50 Hz
Sound that emerges from vocal tract's filtering system has the ________ fundamental frequency and harmonics as glottal sound. What's changed?
Same
Amplitudes of the harmonics (some amplified others damped)
__________ ____________ are related to the volumes of oral/pharyngeal spacesbecause containers of air will resonate at particular frequencies depending on their volumes.
Larger volume=_______
Smaller volume=__________
Fundamental Frequencies
Larger volumes=Lower frequencies
Smaller volumes=Higher frequencies
Shapingof the vocal tract is independent of _______ ______ ________ so the source & transfer functionsare independent.
Vocal Fold Vibration
There is an _________ relationship between F1frequency and tongue height. The higher the tongue position, the _______ the F1 frequency. Why?
Inverse
Lower
High tongue position increases volume of pharyngeal cavity which responds to lower frequencies
High vowels = ________ F1.
Low vowels = ________ F1.
High vowels = Low F1
Low vowels = High F1
F2 frequency is related to the _______ of the oral cavity(the space in front of tongue constriction and lips)
Length
Back vowels have a _______ distance between the tongue constriction and lips and are typically produced with ______ ________, which elongates the oral cavity.
Back vowels=_____ F2
Front vowels=_____ F2
Longer
Lip Rounding
Back vowels=Low F2
Frontvowels=High F2
In spectograms, what is represented on the verticalaxis?
Frequency
In spectograms, what is respresented on the horizontalaxis?
Time
In spectograms, how is intensity represented?
Darkness of trace on screen
What is the major sound sourcefor stop consonants?
Pressurized airforcefully exiting oral cavity
Voiceless stopsare ________ in duration than thoes of voiced stops because voiceless stops are characterized by__________. ________ air moving through glottis delays VF closure, resulting in longer burst.
Longer
Aspiration
Turbulent
Time during which articulators are forming blockage& intraoral pressureis building up; can be seen in voiced stops as the voice bar on spectogram.
Silent Gap
Quick aperiodic sound which follows the silent gapand are usually seen in initial/medial stop positions(can't occur in final position).
Release Burst
Time between release of articulatory blockage(beg. of burst) to beginning of VF vibrationfor following vowel; measured in milliseconds and is indication of coordination bet/ laryngeal/articulatory systems.
Voice Onset Time (VOT)
How does VOT change as place of articulation moves backward in oral cavity?
Increases
Measured in intial stops
Bilabials=Shortest
Alveolar=Intermediate
Velars=Longest
Negative value indicating that VFs are vibrating before articulatory release occurs.
Prevoicing VOT Lead
Onset of VF vibration follows shortly or delayed a long time after articulatory burst/release.
VOT with Short/LongLag
Voice onset and articulatory release occur at the same timeyeilding a VOT of zero.
Simultaneous Voicing
How does VOT variabilityin elderly speakers compare with young adults?
Greater variability
Energy in fricatives is ________ in duration than in stops.
Longer
Other languageshave different _______ from English.
VOTs
How many deciduous teethdo children have in each jaw?
10
What is the primary musclewhich makes up the lips?
Obicularis Oris
When the velum acts as a valve, it touches ______ ________ ________.
Posterior Pharyngeal Wall
Upcoming sound influences preceding sound.
Backward Coarticulation
Preceding sound influences an ensuingsound.
Anticipatory Coarticulation
F0 ________ in speakers at the end of interrogative sentences.
Raises
F0 __________ in speakers at the end of declarative sentences.
Lowers
How do the FO,intensity, and duration of stressed syllables differ from unstressed syllables?
A stressed syllable has a higher FO, higher intensity, and longer duration than an unstressed syllable, and it typically is the vowel that carries the increased stress.
Which type of occlusion occurs when the mandible is protruded? (Prognathic jaw)
Mesiocclusion (class III)
Which type of occlusion occurs when the mandible is retracted? (overject)
Distocclusion (Class II)
Which type of occlusion is the normal occlusion relationship in which the upper arch overlaps the lower one in front?
Neutrocclusion (Class I)
When there are problems in upper and lower dental arch position and tooth relationships, what is this called?
Malocclusions
A band of connective tissue joining the inferior tongue and the mandible is called what?
Lingual frenulum (or frenum)
What are the various part/sections of the tongue?
The Apex (tip), The blade (posterior to the apex), front (part below the hard palate), back (part below the soft palate, dorsum (broad superior surface), body (major mass), Root (attaches to hyoid extends along pharynx). The median fibrous septum divides tongue in left/right portions.
The velum at rest ____ _____ into the pharynx.
During production of consanants the velum is _______.
During production of nasals the velum is ______.
hangs down
raised
lowered
Interacting in a complex fashion to produce the rapid, delicate articluations of speech and non speech activity is the role of which muscles of the tongue?
Intrinsic muscles
Moving the tongue as a unit and getting the tongue into position for articulation is the role of which muscles of the tongue?
Extrinsic muscles
Describe how the four valves (lingual,labial,velar,laryngeal) act as valves of the oral cavity?
Labial (the lips open and close)
Lingual (tongue comes in contact with other structures)
Velopharyngeal valve (velopharyngeal port opens/closes)
Laryngeal valve (vocal folds open and close)
Pairs of consonants that differ only in voicing are called what?
Cognates
Are all vowels voiced?
Yes
Which language has more vowels, English or Spanish?
English
The vocal tract of chimps is ___ than the vocal tract of humans.
A. shorter
Compared to our ancestral species, the length of the vocal tract in modern humans has _______.
B. become longer
The length of the vocal tract in men is _____ than the length of the vocal tract in women.
C. longer
Compared to adults, a child's vocal tract is _____.
D. Shorter
Vowel durations in dysarthric speakers are ______ than normal speakers.
Longer
These pathways transmit information from sensory receptors towards the CNS.
Afferent (Sensory)
These pathways transmit information from the CNS towards muscles and glands.
Efferent (Motor)
The ___ the nerve, the more heavily it is myelinated. (larger or smaller).
Larger
The conduction rate in myelinated nerves is _____ than non-myelinated nerves. (faster or slower)
faster
This structure consists of four cavities of the brain which produce cerebrospinal fluid.
Ventricles
Cerebrospinal fluid reduces the weight of the brain. True or False.
True
Does grey matter form the outer covering of the brain?
Yes. The outermost layer of the brain (cortex) is grey matter.
Does grey matter form the outer covering of the spinal cord?
No. The spinal cord has white matter on the outside and grey matter on the inside.
Which brain lobe contains Broca's area?
Frontal Lobe: 1/3 of cortex; language and speech; most motor functions.
Which brain lobe contains Wernicke's area?
Temporal Lobe: important for understanding; receives info from ear and auditory nerve.
The cranial nerves originate from the ____.
Brainstem; the site of many reflexes involved in respiration, body temp, heartrate, swallowing, digestion.
Made up of the Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla.
The spinal nerves originate from the ______.
Spinal Cord
The cerebral cortex exerts ________ control of movement. (contralateral or ipsilateral)
Contralateral
The cerebellum exerts ________ control of movement.
(contralateral or ipsilateral)
ipsilateral
This structure governs balance, posture, background muscle tone, and the coordination of voluntary movements.
Cerebellum
This structure controls many high level reflexes such as respiration and swallowing.
Brainstem
This section of the brainstem mediates many reflexes such as coughing, sneezing, and vomiting.
Medulla
How has brain imaging helped our understanding of stuttering?
May be some kind of neurological dysfunction.
Cerebral dominance
Complex network of neural structures malfunction
Dopamine levels
How has brain imaging helpe our understanding of Parkinson's Disease?
The loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra of the basal nuclei can be detected with brain imaging.
How has brain imaging helped our understanding of multiple sclerosis?
Continued MRI imaging can detect degrees of demyelinization of upper and lower motor neurons.
How has brain imaging helped our understanding of Alzheimer's disease?
fMRI is an important tool in diagnosing Alzheimer's before the onset of severe symptoms. fMRI can also be used to measure the effects of medication on memory.