Bio Digestion

Vitamins and Minerals, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates

• -They help with chemical reactions
• -They are often found in complex chemicals

• -Primary energy source of cells
• -Structural material of plant cell walls

• -Structural components of the cell
• -Composed of amino acids

• -Energy storage
• -Structural components of the cell membrane

• -Genetic material that directs cell activity
• -Composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen bases

a molecule composed of sugar subunits that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio

They provide a fast source of energy

dehydration synthesis in which a water molecule is formed from the two monosaccharide molecules

hydrolysis in which a water molecule is used to break the bond of the disaccharide

a plant polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls

the form of carbohydrate storage in animals

a plant carbohydrate used to store energy

a lipid composed of glycerol and saturated fatty acids; solid at room temperature

a lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids

a lipid composed of glycerol and unsaturated fatty acids; liquid at room temperature

fats

there is only a single bond between the carbon atoms

is the bad cholesterol because when the LDL level increases to the point that it exceeds the number of receptor sites then the LDL does bad things like clogs arteries

Good cholesterol because it carries bad cholesterol back to the liver which begins breaking it down

a chemical that contains nitrogen; can be linked together to form proteins

a chain of amino acids that form the structural parts of cells or act as antibodies or enzymes

specialized proteins that help the body defend itself against disease

proteins that speed chemical reactions

a limited number of carbohydrates and lipids are found in all living things, but the array of proteins is almost infinite

20 different amino acids

Peptide bond

the eight amino acids that the body cannot synthesize and must be obtained from your diet

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary

the unique sequence of amino acids in the chain

folds and coils that occur along the length of the chain

further folding of the polypeptide chain

large globular proteins formed from two or more polypeptides

the process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a temporary change in shape

the process that occurs when the bonds of a protein molecule are disrupted, causing a permanent change in shape

a chemical that increases the rate of chemical reactions without altering the products or being altered itself

a protein catalyst that permits chemical reactions to proceed at low temperatures

a molecule on which an enzyme works

the area of an enzyme that combines with the substrate

an inorganic ion that helps an enzyme combine with a substrate molecule

an organic molecule synthesized from a vitamin that helps an enzyme to combine with a substrate molecule

pH, substrate molecule concentration, temperature, competitive inhibiton

a molecule with a shape complementary to a specific enzyme that competes with the substrate for access to the active site of the enzyme and blocks chemical reactions

the inhibition of an enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the final product of that pathway

the activation of the last enzyme in a metabolic pathway by the initial substrate

a change in an enzyme caused by the binding of a molecule

• ingestion
• digestion
• absorption
• egestion

• -initiate carbohydrate breakdown
• -dissolves food particles
• -activates taste buds
• -lubricates the food

bite, tear, grind, and crush food into smaller particles

rhythmic, wavelike contractions of muscle that move food along the gastrointestinal tract

sphincter muscles

hydrochloric acid (HCL), pepsinogens, and mucus

kills pathogens and converts pepsinogen into pepsin

digests proteins

protects the stomach from HCL and pepsin

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

small, fingerlike projections that extend into the small intestine to increase the surface area for absorption

microscopic, fingerlike projections of the cell membrane

a blood vessel that connects arteries and veins; the site of fluid and gas exchange

a small vessel that transports the products of fat digestion to the circulatory system

a hormone released from the duodenum that stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions

an enzyme of the smell intestine that converts trypsinogen to trypsin

a protein digesting enzyme

an enzyme that completes protein digestion by converting short-chain peptides to amino acids

a lipid digesting enzyme

• lipase
• trypsin
• erepsin
• pancreatic amylases

a component of bile that breaks down large fat globules

a hormone secreted by the small intestine that stimulates the release of bile salts

to remove the effects of a poison

crystals of bile salts that form in the gallbladder

the yellowish discoloration of the skin and other tissues brought about by the collection of bile pigments in the blood

chronic inflammation of the liver tissue characterized by growth of nonfunctioning fibrous tissue

the largest segment of the large intestine, where water reabsorption occurs

a hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates the release of HCI

a hormone secreted by the small intestine that decreases gastric secretions and motility

chewing of food and digestion of starch

storage of food and initial digestion

digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids; the absorption of nutrients

production of digestive enzymes that act on food in the small intestine; storage of bicarbonate ions that neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine

absorption of water and storage of undigested food

salivary amylase

• hydrochloric acid
• pepsinogen
• mucus

• pancreatic amylase
• bicarbonate ions
• trypsinogen
• lipase
• erepsin
• maltase

• erepsin
• disaccharidases (maltase)

bile

bile

mucus

initiates the breakdown of polysaccharides to simpler carbohydrates

converts pepsinogen to pepsin, kills microbes

when converted to pepsin, initiates the digestion of proteins

protects the stomach from pepsin and HCI

continuous breakdown of carbohydrates into disaccharides

neutralize HCI from the stomach

when activated to trypsin, converts long chain peptides into short chain peptides

breaks down fats to glycerol and fatty acids

completes the breakdown of proteins

break down disaccharides (e.g. maltose) into monosaccharides

emulsifies fat

stores and secretes concentrated bile from the liver

helps movement of food waste

7-8

2-3

7

A hormone secreted by the small intestine that stimulates the release of bile salts

Small vessels that transport the products of fat digestion to circulatory system

A hormone released from the duodenum that stimulates pancreatic and bile salts

the hydrogenation of unsaturated fats into saturated fats, hard to break down

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

An important steroid is a component in animals cell membranes

Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins

food particles are engulfed by endocytosis and digested with a food vacuole

is the breakdown of food particles outside of cells, occurs in compartments

Animals with simple body plans have this. It functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients

More complex animals have a digestive tube with two openings

pharynx, it opens to both the esophagus and the trachea

conducts food from the pharynx down to the stomach by perstalsis

the epiglottis to block entry to the trachea (glottis) and the bolus is guided by the larynx

the lungs

secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately, in the stomach

aids in the fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intestine meet

appendix, minor role in immunity

an animals assortment of teeth, structural variation reflecting diet