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an earth-centered theory of the universe
geocentric model
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a sun-centered theory of the universe
Heliocentric model
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study of spectra and spectral lines
Spectroscopy
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force with which all matter attracts all other matter
Gravitational force
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Apparent displacement of an object due to motion of observer
Parallax
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Apparent westward motion of a planet with respect to background stars
Retrograde motion
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Coordinate for measuring east-west positions of objects on celestial sphere
Right Ascension
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Angular distance of celestial object north or south of celestial equator
Declination
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Great circle on celestial sphere 90 degrees from celestial pole
Celestial equator
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Point directly above Earth's North Pole where Earth's axis of rotation, if extended, would intersect celestial sphere
North Celestial Pole
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Point directly above Earth's South Pole where Earth's axis of rotation, if extended, would intersect celestial sphere
South Celestial Pole
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Apparent annual path of sun on celestial sphere
Ecliptic
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star that neither rises nor sets but appears to rotate around of the celestial poles
Circumpolar star
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point in orbit where satellite or moon is farthest from Earth
Apogee
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Point in orbit where satellite is nearest to Earth
Perigee
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Geometric arrangement of planet in same part of sky as the sun, so that the planet is at elongation of 0 degrees
Conjunction
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Configuration of planet when it is at an elongation of 180 degrees and thus appears opposite the sun in the sky
Opposition
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planet that is closer to the sun than Earth is
Inferior planet
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Planet more distant from the sun than Earth is
Superior planet
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Wrote "Almagest," a book that explains the motions of the stars
Ptolemy
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Created Geocentric model with Earth at center of universe and in which the Earth didn`t move
Ptolemy
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Catalogued 1,028 stars and described all known variations of constellations and legends that went with them. Gave these formations Greek and Roman names which are still used today.
Ptolemy
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Renowned cartographer, wrote the book titled “Geographia”. This book contained detailed maps of the world and served travelers for hundreds of years.
Ptolemy
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Observed and measured the (rough) distance to a supernova, proving that firmament was not a god-given stable sphere but a dynamic system
Brahe
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Made most accurate measurements of planetary positions at the time and for long thereafter. His data was used by Kepler to develop Kepler`s laws.
Brahe
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Was a lawyer, tax collector, doctor, military governor, judge, vicar-general of canon law and Polish astronomer
Copernicus
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Said that Earth was not stationary, but that it turns on its axis once a day and doubted that Earth was in the middle of the universe.
Copernicus
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Said sun was at center of universe and all planets revolve around the sun. Published a book on revolution of heavenly bodies
Copernicus
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His most famous work is the book "De Revolutions"
Copernicus
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Created three laws of planetary motion
Kepler
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Kepler's first law of planetary motion
Planets travel in elliptical orbits around an off-center sun
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Kepler's second law of planetary motion
The speed of a planet`s orbit depends on its distance from the sun. A planet orbits faster when it is closer to the sun. When a planet is further away, it travels slower.
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Kepler's third law of planetary motion
The farther a planet or dwarf planet is from the sun, the longer its orbit.
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Created the three laws of motion
Newton
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Newton's first law of motion
Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it
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Newton's second law of motion
Force = mass times acceleration
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Newton's third law of motion
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
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These men subscribed to the geocentric model
Ptolemy and Brahe
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These men subscribed to the Heliocentric model
Copernicus, Kepler, Newton, Galileo
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Why was Ptolemy's model accepted for so long?
Religious reasons; More intuitive than the Copernican model
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Order of the planets
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, (Pluto)
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Which planets exhibit retrograde motion?
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
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What is retrograde motion?
An optical illusion as Earth orbits faster than the other outer planets
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Describe the mass, density, atmosphere,and rotational speed of inner planets
Mass--smaller; Density--very dense, because they are made of heavier materials; varied atmospheres; spin slowly
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Describe the mass, density, atmosphere, and rotational speed of outer planets
Mass--bigger (made of gases); Density not dense at all; similar atmospheres; spin quickly
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Planet with no atmosphere
Mercury
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Planets with atmospheres of mostly carbon dioxide
Venus, Mars
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Planet with an atmosphere of mostly nitrogen, with small amounts of oxygen
Earth
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Planets with atmospheres of hydrogen, helium, and other gases
The Jovian planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)
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What causes the seasons?
A tilt on a planet's axis of rotation
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How can one find Polaris?
The closer you are to the north pole, the higher in the sky Polaris will be
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Formula for Kepler's third law
P (orbital period of a planet) squared = a (semi-major axis of orbit) cubed
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Know waxing/waning, gibbous/crescent, first/third quarters
Remember that the moon waxes to the left, and wanes to the right
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Phase of the moon when it is between the earth and sun
New moon
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Phase of the moon when we are between it and the sun
Full moon
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Phases of the moon that happen when the moon is at a 90 degree angle with respect to the earth and sun
First/Third moon
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When the moon travels completely into the earth's umbra
Total lunar eclipse
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when only a portion of the moon travels into the earth's umbra
Partial lunar eclipse
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Angular size formula
D = (AD)/206,265 where D=linear size of object, a= angular size of object in arcseconds, and d= distance to the object
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Newton's law of gravitation
Force = ((constant of G) x (mass of 1st object) x (mass of 2nd object))/(the square of the distance between the two planets)
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Wavebands in order of increasing frequency
Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible light, Ultraviolet, X-Ray, Gamma ray
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an emission spectrum that exhibits all the wavelengths or frequencies of visible light--comes from a blackbody
Continuous spectrum
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spectrum that contains bright emission lines in few places--comes from a hot, tenuous cloud
Emission spectrum
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Spectrum with dark lines superimposed on continuous spectrum--comes from a blackbody + cool, tenuous cloud
Absorption lines
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a type of optical telescope that uses a lens as its objective to form an image
Refracting telescope
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optical telescope which uses a single or combination of curved mirrors that reflect light and form an image
Reflecting telescope
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optical telescopes that combine specifically shaped mirrors and lenses to form an image
Catadioptric telescopes
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