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Philospher's toolbox
ontology:
epistemology:
metaphysics:
ethics:
logic:
- ontology: "what" (define terms)
- epistemology: "how" (physics)
- metaphysics: "why"
- ethics:"should"
- logic: from build up of all above you get logic
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Ad Hominem:
Attach of character (fallacy if character does not play role in conversation)
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Ad Hoc:
Non-generalizable solution (lame excuse that works in only 1 situration, your not healed because you didnt believe, why did you run red light? I am allowed, no your not, thats because you didnt believe)
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Ad Populum:
Appeal to popularity ( ex. everyone thought the world was flat)
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Ad Ignorantiam:
Argument from ignorance
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Begging the question:
arguing in a circle (my religion is right because my religion is right)
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False dilemmas:
my way or the higway (no other options)
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Straw Man:
reduce someones opinion to an obsurdity
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Fallacy of fallacies:
Just because something is a fallacy doesnt make it untrue
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Context:
where, what where
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Critical analysis:
context and content
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Ludwig Wittgenstein
"the beetle in the box"
objects don't have meaning in and of themselves, only the meaning we impart
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Ludwig Wittgenstein
"activities of Mrs. S"
rules of language must be shared by 2 people to contisute a language
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phil. of mind
Mental states
- 1.happy, sad
- 2. some established frame of mind
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phil. of mind
Mental events
- 1. act of establishing mental state
- 2. more nebulous/difficult to pin-down
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phil. of mind
Mentality
- i.mind is an apparatus or mechanism or inner working
- ii. explains how humans are capable of-action.rationality, emotion,perception,imagination
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phil. of mind
Ontological nature of mind
- i. idealist-material world is illusion
- ii.materalist- mental world is illusion
- iii. functionalist-both appear real (D.M. Armstong- functionalist w/materialist disposition
- iv. buddhist- neither are real, shunyata
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Divided self
how does the soul(or atman) control self.
plato/hindu
no soul but,Rational element controlled your curiosity and emotions/soul controlled intellect,mind,body, senses (soul= spark of life)
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Absent self
two names associated w/view
- Buddhism (anatman/nonself)
- david hume (looked inward, saw nothing)
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mind and self
Existentialist position
question of self less important than what the self is doing
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Unified self
descartes
johh lock
- descartes(mind/body problem)
- john lock(blank slate)
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The two ways to approach idea of religion
- (1) religion as set of beliefs
- (2) religion as set of practices
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Belief side of religion name catagories:
- Deism- god created then left
- theist- god present/personal
- polytheism,henotheism,etc- many gods w/god king like zeus
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Gods in the Hindu pantheon:
- Vishnu-male
- shiva-male/female
- devi-female
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Practice side of religion focuses on:
- (1) philosophy
- (2) ethics
- (3) meditative practices
- (4) devotional practices
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traditions associated with:
confusianism
cultivation of virtue and maintenance of ethics
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Traditions associated with taoism:
living in harmony with the Tao (道), the source and essence of everything that exists
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Traditions associated with Jainism
a path of non-violence towards all living beings
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Traditions associated with Buddhism
yoga, meditation, sunyata
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Ontological arument for existence of god(nature of god): a priori
Anslem:god=that which nothing greather can be conieved
Descartes: concept of infinity proves gods existence
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Cosmological arugment for existence of god(nature of the universe): a postori
Aquinas: co-opting aristotle's argument on physics (the un-moved mover)
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Teleological argument for existence of god (design): a postori
Paley-watchmakers argument
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Moral argument for existence of god:
Goodness
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Linear and circular views of time:
- linear=beggining and end
- cirular=continuous no beggining or end
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Argument against existence of God (hume's teleological arguments):
(1) more complex object,likely more than 1 maker. (2) lack evidence to state things abou the universe except that its huge (3) "intelligent" or " sophisticated" cant be applied when we have nothing to compare (4)who designed designer etc(5)not address evil
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Karl Marx's on religion:
- coping mechanism for exploitation
- (1)faulse conciousness (high heel thing) internalize power dynamic, reproduce it for self and next generation
- (2) religion is opium for the masses
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Triangle of theodicy
- god is...all powerful...all knowing...all good
- and evil exists
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2 traditions of christian theodicy
- (1) augustinian-free will/sin
- (2) Irenaean-process theodicy/good comes from experiance
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Augustine's 2 types of evil:
- evil people suffer=punishment for sin
- evil people do= a sin born of free will
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