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3 parts of the Nervous
System
1. Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): nerves of the body
- 3. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): has parts of the CNS and
- PNS.
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What are the two parts of the CNS?
Brain and Spinal cord
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What does the Autonomic Nervous System
control and what are its 2 divisions?
- Controls autonomic function (blood pressure,
- digestion, etc).
a. Sympathetic division
b. Parasympathetic division
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1) What kinds of neurons enter the CNS?
2) What kind of neurons leave the CNS?
1) Sensory (afferent) signals picked up by sensor receptors
• Carried by nerve fibers of PNS to the CNS
2) Motor (efferent) signals are carried away from the CNS
• Innervate muscles and glands
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What sheath covers the axon (not
referring to myelin)?
What sheath covers a fascicle (bundle of
neurons)
What sheath covers a bunch of fascicles?
Endoneurium
Perineurium
Epineurium
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What three things do all neurons do?
1. Receive a signal. Can be any type of stimulus (change in environment, signal from another neuron, etc).
2. Transmit a signal to another location. E.g. finger touching something --> signal to spinal cord or brain.
3. Stimulate another cell
a. Another neuron --> transmit signal
b. Muscle --> contraction
c. Gland --> secretion
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What three characteristics do all neurons share?
1. Longevity –can live and function for a lifetime
2. Do not divide– fetal neurons lose their ability to undergo mitosis; neural stem cells are an exception
3. High metabolic rate – require abundant oxygen and glucose
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Picture of Sensory vs Motor Neurons
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What receives the signal and
carries the nerve conduction toward the cell body?
DENDRITES
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Where are the nucleus, ribosomes, and
most organelles are located?
The CELL BODY
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What has the function of transmitting
signals?
AXON
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What part of a neuron
stimulates another cell?
SYNAPTIC KNOBS
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Describe the correct path an
impulse takes across a synapse.
Axon of presynaptic neuron -->SYNAPTIC CLEFT --> dendrite of post synaptic neuron 
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What are synaptic knobs
filled with?
- The synaptic knob has vesicles filled with a neurotransmitter
- that carries the signal.
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What are 4 types of glia cells?
Oligodendrocyte
Schwann Cell
Astrocyte
Microglia
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- What are the supporting cells of the nervous system?
- Where do most tumors originate from?
GLIA
Most tumors of the brain originate from glial cells.
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Photo of two of the 4 types of glial cells
Oligodendrocytes
- Schwann Cell
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Which cells provide the myelin sheath for
neurons in the CNS?
Which cells provide the myelin sheath for
neurons in the PNS?
OLIGODENDROCYTES
SCHWANN CELLS
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What is the function of MYELIN SHEATHS
to speed up the nerve conduction.
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What are the BARE regions of axonal membranes found only in myelinated axons called?
NODES OF RANVIER
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What conducts impulses faster – myelinated or unmyelinated axon?
Myelinated
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What is an autoimmune disease where the oligodendrocytes (the myelin sheaths) are destroyed, interfering with the neuron functions in the CNS and brain?
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
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MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
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What are the two differences between SCHWANN CELLS and OLIGODENDRICYTES?
- Schwann cells are in PNS and each cell only forms one myelin sheath.
- Oligodendricytes are in CNS and each cell can form more than one myelin sheaths.
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What are the 3 functions of an ASTROCYTE?
a. Physically supports the neurons
b. Transmits materials from capillaries to neurons
c. Forms blood-brain barrier (BBB)
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What is the only function of the BBB?
The only function of the blood-brain barrier is to help protect the central nervous system.
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Define MICROGLIA and their function
They are macrophages
They pick up bacteria and dead cell, etc
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What is the portion of the CNS that is unmyelinated (cell bodies of neurons, glia, and dendrites)?
GREY MATTER
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What is the portion of the CNS with myelin
(axons)
WHITE MATTER
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What is a collection of axons in the PNS?
NERVE
No cell bodies, dendrites, or synapses; just axons.
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What is a collection of axons in the CNS
TRACT
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Where is most information processed?
SYNAPSES
Most synapses are in the CNS
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What is a collection of cell bodies in the PNS?
Ganglion
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What is a network of nerves called?
NERVE PLEXUS
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What are the neurons that leave the CNS to
effect a muscle or gland?
MOTOR NEURONS
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What neurons go from body to CNS, carrying
sensory information?
SENSORY NEURON
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What is a small neuron found only in the CNS?
INTERNEURON
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What is the function of interneuron?
it connects two other neurons in the spinal cord
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What makes the CNS complex?
The large number of interneurons in the CNS
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Where are the cell bodies of motor
neurons and interneurons located?
In gray matter
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