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Ulcer / Ulceration
exposure of the CT
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Macule
a small (>5mm) pigmented lesion w/o elevation
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Papule
a small (>5mm), pigmented, elevated lesion
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Scale
a thickened keratin layer
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Vesicle (pustlue)
- an elevated, fluid-filled, lesion
- (if purulent its a pustule)
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Bulla
a large (<5mm) fluid-filled, elevated lesion
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Erythematous Area
a red area
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Hyperkeratosis
a thickened keratin layer; appears as a leukoplakia
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Acanthosis
- a hyperplasia of the spinous cell layer
- -no malignant potential
- -appears as a leukoplakia
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Acantholysis
a pocket of fluid in the spinous cell layer
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Cellular Dysplasia (Atypia)
- a pleomorphism
- -several sizes, staining, shapes
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Acute Eczematous Dermatitis
- a contact allergy
- -oozing, red lesion
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Acne Vulgaris
An abscess in the sebaceous gland
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Cystic Acne
-a severe form of acne vulgaris that produces scarring
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Psoriasis
- -autoimmune disease
- -rapid maturation and movement of basal cells
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Pemphigus
- -autoimmune disease
- -produces large acantholysis (fluid in spinous cell layer)
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Skin Warts
-benign tumors (often from HPV)
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Types of Nevi
- -intradermal: all the cells are in dermis (not malignant)
- -compound: cells in both dermis and epidermis (not malignant)
- -Junctional: cells at the dermo-epidermal junction (small malignant potential)
- -Dysplastic (atypical mole): a serious malignant potential(can arise from normal mole)
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Basal Cell Carcinoma
- -will not metastasize
- -UV-B is involved
- -most common type of skin cancer
- -middle 1/3 of face
- -Lesion: central ulceration w/ a rolled margin
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- -will metastasize
- -UV-B, oil products, and radiation are carcinogens
- -lower 1/3 of face
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Malignant Melanoma
- -rarest and most dangerous skin cancer
- -typically fails the ABCD test
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ABCD test for melanoma
- A: Asymmetrical
- B: Border is uneven or faded
- C: Color is not constant (shades exist)
- D: Diameter is >6mm
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Skin Adenomas
- -rare type of skin cancer
- -arises from sebaceous or sweat glands
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Kaposi's Sarcoma
- -seen in AIDS patients
- -a hemangiosarcoma (cancer of the small dermal blood vessels)
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Elhers-Danlos Syndrome
- -a genetic disorder in the collagen fiber
- -allows it to be stretched well beyond normal limits (joints and skin)
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Filtering Ability of the Kidneys
- -200L pass thru
- -180L exit via glomerular apparatus
- -178L reabsorbed
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4 functions of Kidney
- -BP regulation
- -Waste excretion
- -RBC maturation (erithropoetian)
- -ion/pH buffering and regulation
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Oliguria
-decreased function of the kidneys
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Proteinuria
-protein in the urine
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Glycossuria
-excess glucose in the urine
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Hematuria
-blood in the urine
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Azotemia
- -elevated BUN and creatinine in blood
- -indicates an underlying kidney issue
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Uremia
- -elevated BUN and creatinine plus edema, itching, etc
- -chronic renal failure
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Polycystic kidneys
- -many cysts form filled with urine
- -second most common form of renal failure
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Progression of renal vascular disease
- -atherosclerosis --> detection of "low BP"
- -renin release (to ^ BP)
- -higher systemic BP --> further atherosclerosis
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Glomerulonephritis
- -a general term for inflammation of the nephron
- -most common cause of renal failure
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Pylonephritis
-a purulent lesion in the renal pelvis (acute or chronic)
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Calculus (stone) Predisposition
- -kidney infections
- -concentrated urine
- -urine backlog (enlarged prostate)
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Hydronephrosis
- -ureter backup --> urine collection in kidney
- -enlarges with cellular atrophy
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Renal Tumors
- Benign: an adenoma with few issues (slight malignant potential)
- Malignant (in children): Wilm's tumor
- -palpable mass, hemoteurea and idiopathic fever
- -genetic
- Malignant (adult): Renal cell (clear cell) carcinoma
- -painless hemoteurea, palpable mass, flank pain
- -genetic predisposition, long term dialysis, smoking
- Transitional Epithelium
- -renal pelvis, ureters and urinary bladder
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Cystitis
- -inflammation of the urinary bladder
- -typically from an infection
- Complications: can produce calculus (stone) and is carcinogenic
- S&S: ^urination, pain on both palpation and urination
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Bladder Cancers
- -typically transitional cell carcinomas
- -more common in males
- Risk factors: smoking, industrial carcinogens
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Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH)
- -caused by excess androgens (can be prevented by castration)
- -treated via p.o. medications
- -can cause occlusion of urethra
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Adenocarcinoma of Prostate
- -very common in elderly (not always dangerous)
- -Gleason score (2-10) tells how aggressive it is
- Risk factors: genetic component, chronic prostatitis, caramelized animal fat
- -metastases to bone common; produces a radiopaque lesion
- Treatment: removal, maybe radiation and chemo as well
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Prostate Specific Antigen
-elevated levels are detected in BPH, prostatitis, and prostate cancer
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Prostatitis
-inflammation of the prostate
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Testicular Tumors
- -occur young (15-35 yrs)
- -a firm solitary and painless mass
- Two types: mostly seminomas, rarely Embryonal carcinoma
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Undescended Testes (Cryptorchidism)
- -gets stuck in the inguinal canal
- -must be correctly placed or removed (can develop into seminoma; a cancer)
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Penis Cancer
- -SCC
- -rare in the US; not seen if circumcised young
- -rapidly metastasizes to inguinal lymph nodes
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Scrotal Cancer
- -SCC
- -petroleum products are big carcinogen
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Orchitis
- -inflammation of the testes
- -severe can lead to occlusion of blood flow
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Formation of the skin
- -Epidermis: Keratinized layer, spinous cell layer, basement membrane (mitoticaly active)
- -Dermis- Underlying CT, hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands.
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