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n what animal is renal ectopia (malposition of the kidney) more common and why?
Common in pigs because of Vitamin A deficiency in sows
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What does renal ectopia predispose an animal to?
Hydronephrosis
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What is the disorganized development of renal parenchyma due to anomalous differentiation?
Renal dysplasia
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In what species is renal dysplasia common?
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What are some possible reasons of renal dysplasia?
- Partial degeneration or partial unresponsiveness of the blastema to the uretal bud
- Autosomal dominant trait
- Infections
- Hypovitaminosis A
- Familial disease
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What type of kidney is usually small, misshapen and fibrosed with thick-walled cysts and tortuous ureters?
Dysplastic kidney
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What is a possible sequelae to renal dysplasia?
Uremia
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Renal cysts are common in which species of animals?
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What are four possible mechanisms of renal cysts development?
- Obstruction of nephrons
- Modification in extracellular matrix and cell-matrix interactions
- Focal tubular epithelial cell hyperplasia
- Dedifferentiation of tubular epithelial cells
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The congenital form of polycystic kidney disease is associated with what?
- Cystic bile ducts
- Bile duct proliferation
- Pancreatic cysts
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In what species of animals do you see polycystic kidney disease?
- Pigs
- Sheep
- Cattle
- Dogs
- Cats
- Horses
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What kind of disease occurs in related animals with a higher frequency than that which would be expected by chance?
Familial disease
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In what breeds of dogs is juvenile nephropathy common?
- Alasakan malamute
- Miniature schnauzer
- German shepherd
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At what age is juvenile nephropathy usually seen in dogs and what are the clinical signs?
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What are the main manifestations of progressive juvenile nephropathy?
- Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
- Tubular disease of unknown cause
- Renal dysplasia
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In the Doberman pinscher, what is the primary lesion of juvenile nephropathy?
Glomerulopathy (membranoproliferaitve glomerulonephritis)
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In Norwegian elkhounds, what is the primary lesion of juvenile nephropathy?
Idiopathic tubular disorder
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In what breeds of dogs is the primary lesion of juvenile nephropathy renal dysplasia?
- Lhasa apsos
- Shih Tzus
- Wheaten terriers
- Standard poodles
- Golden retrievers
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What does the initial lesion of a renal infarct look like?
Coagulative necrosis that will progress to a typical infarct (non septic thrombi) or abscess (septic thrombi)
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What are renal infarcts usually due to?
- Thromboembolism
- Endarteritis
- Mural thrombosis
- Aseptic emboli
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How does a recent renal infarct look grossly?
Swollen and red
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How does an old renal infarct appear grossly?
Firm, pale yellow-gray and shrunken
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What type of renal necrosis is a bilateral lesion that occurs in all animal species, expecially in association with gram-negative septicemias or endotoxemias?
Renal cortical necrosis
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What type of necrosis is related to endotoxin-induced endothelial damage, activation of the extrinsic clotting mechanism, and widespread capillary thrombosis?
Renal cortical necrosis
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What type of renal necrosis appears diffusely pale with a zone a hyperemia separating the necrotic cortex from the viable medulla?
Renal cortical necrosis
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How does treatment with NSAIDs cause papillary necrosis?
Reduces the production of prostaglandins (PGE2) by medullary interstitial cells resulting in vasoconstriction on arterioles
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Dilatation of the renal pelvis because of obstruction of urine outflow causing a slow or intermittent increase in pelvic pressure is termed what?
Hydronephrosis
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What are some possible etiologies behind hydronephrosis?
- Obstruction
- Chronic inflammation
- Uretal or urethral neoplasia
- Neurogenic functional disorders
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What type of glomerulitis involves bacteria being lodged in random glomeruli and to lesser extent in interstitial capillaries forming multiple foci of inflammation?
Supurative glomerulitis
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What are some specific examples of suppurative glomerulitis?
- Actinobacillus equuli in foals
- Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in pigs
- Corynebacterium pseudotubercolosis in sheep and goats
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What type of glomerulonephritis appears as multifocal random, raised, tan pinpoint foci are seen subcapsularly and on cut surface?
Suppurative glomerulitis
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What are the two possible mechanisms of immune-mediated glomerulonephritis?
- Deposition of soluble immune complexes within the glomeruli
- Antibodies directed against antigens within the glomerular basement membrane
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What are some possible eitologies behind immune mediated glomerulonephritis?
- Persistent infections
- Specific viral infections (FLV FIP virus)
- Chronic bacterial infections
- Chronic parasitism
- Autoimmune disease
- Neoplasia
- Familial (Bernese mountain dogs)
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How does immune mediated glomerulonephritis appear grossly?
Glomeruli appear as pinpoint red dots on cut surface of cortex (cannot use this in horses)
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What is the most common form of immune complex glomerulonephritis in cats?
Membranous
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What is the most common form of immune complex glomerulonephritis in dogs?
Membranoproliferative
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How is immune-mediated GN diagnosed?
Demonstration of Ig and C3 in glomeruli by immunofluorescence or immunohistochemistry
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What are two possible sequelae to immune-mediated GN?
- Renal disease
- Protein-losing nephropathy
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What is the term for when glomeruli become hyalinized because of an increase in both fibrous connective tissue and mesangial matrix and a loss of glomerular capillaries, causing them to become hypocellular and nonfunctional?
Glomerulosclerosis
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What are some predisposing factors to glomerulosclerosis?
- Unrestricted protein diet
- Increased glomerular capillary pressure in functional glomeruli
- Cytokines
- Platelet-derived growth factors
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What is the intravascular increase in urea, creatinine and nitrogenous waste?
Azotemia
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Azotemia can lead to renal failure in what ways?
- Intravascular accumulation of other metabolic wastes
- Reduced blood pH
- Alterations in plasma ion concentrations
- Hypertension
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