S2M2 I/M

• 1- dendritic cell p/w- direct sampling of antigen in lumen by a dendritic cell (APC), then presentation
• 2- M cell p/w- transcytosis of antigen to GALT
• 3- enterocyte p/w- dead end p/w, major factor for induction of tolerance

• - in intestinal crypts
• - release definsins that kill micro organisms

-amoebae (rhizopoda, sarcodina)- pseudopodal motility

-flagellate (mastigophora)- flagellate motility

- ciliates (ciliata)- ciliate motility

-sporozoa (sporozoa)- gliding motility

• -entamoeba histolytica
• - mature cyst ingested
• -initail infection GIT=> diarrhea/dysentary
• - secondary infection- liver, heart,brain,lungs
• - trophozoite-single round nucleus with small central karyosome
• - cyst- 4 nuclei and 2 chromotonal bars

• - flagellate, giardia infection (usually g. lamblia)
• - cyst ingested in H2O
• - intestinal infection only=> explosive, foul smelling, fatty diarrhea
• - trophozioite resembles a face (owl)

• - intestinal ciliate infection seen in rural farming areas
• -GIT only

• - intestinal sporozoa prominent in US (swimming pools)
• - oocyst ingested (acid fast)
• - self limiting in immuno competent
• - GIT only=> severe diarrhea
• - sexual and asexual stages

- sporogony- sexual

-schizogony- asexual

• - urogenital flagellate
• - very motile
• - only sexual transmission
• - Dx- vaginal smear wet prep

• - causes primary amoebic encephalitis
• - enter through olfactory epithelium
• - dirty stagnant water
• - flagellated trophozoite in CSF

• - causes granulamtous encephalitis in immunocompromised
• - can cause eye lesions
• - enter thru LRT or broken skin

• - insect born haemoflagellate
• -found within cell

• - insect borne haemoflagellate
• - found outside cell in blood

• - African sleeping sickness
• - vector- tsetse fly
• - W Africa

• - African sleeping sickness
• - vector- tsetse fly
• - E Africa (Zimbabwe)

• -Chagas disease (american trypanosomiasis)
• - heart and GIT typicall affected
• -vector- reduviid bug
• - Dx- bioby finds amastigote(within cell) in tissue

• - causes leishmaniasis (L. donovanni causes visceral form, most serious)
• - vector- sand fly

- Plasmodium spp. - blood and tissue, malaria

- Babeisa spp- blood, babesiosis

- Toxoplasmosis- tissue, toxoplasmosis

• - Plasmodium (vivax/falciparum)
• - def host- mosquito (anopheles) inject sporozoite, travels to liver first then RBC
• - int host- vertabrates

• - blood only
• - easily confused with malaria
• - vector: tick

• - toxoplasmosa gondii
• - def host- cat
• - int host- human
• - can be transmitted to fetus (why pregos are not supposed to handle cat litter )

• - flat worm fluke
• - def host- human- eggs released
• - 1 int- snail- cercariae released
• -2 int- crustacean- metacercariae released(form ingested by humans)
• - adults live in human lung or liver

• -flatworm
• - infects lung
• - 2IH- crab

• - flatworm
• - infects liver
• - 2IH- fish

• - flatworm
• - infects liver
• - 2IH- plants/vegetables

• - flatworm
• - infects intestine
• - 2IH- fish

• - flat worm
• - infects intestine
• - 2IH- plants/vegetables

• - fish tapeworm
• - can grow up to 40 feet
• - ingestion of raw fish
• - can cause anemia

• - tapeworm
• - T. saginata- beef- intestinal
• - T. solium- pork- intestinal and tissue
• - dx- eggs/proglottids in human feces

• - primary roundworm infectionworldwide
• - intestinal nematode
• - eggs ingested
• - dx- eggs in feces
• - one of the most common human infections worldwide

• - threadworm
• - roundworm intestinal nematode
• - larvae enter skin
• - ground itch
• - eggs in stool

• - hook worm
• - intestinal nematode
• - larvae enter skin
• - ground itch

• - pin worm (PinX target)
• - roundworm intestinal nematode
• - eggs around anus cause anal itch
• - scotch tape sample

• - whip worm
• - roundworm intestinal nematode
• - eggs ingested
• - rectal prolapse

• - pork worm
• - roundworm intestinal nematode
• - larvae incyst in muscle
• - dx- muscle biopsy
• - dead end(no external phase)- transmitted by carnivorism

• - hook worm
• - rundworm intestinal nematode

• -blood fluke (flat worm)
• -S. mansoni- direct penetration, intestinal, huge spine

- S.japonicum- intestinal

- S. hematobium- urinary=> blood in urine

• - Wuchereria spp and Brugia spp (nematodes)
• - vector- mosquito
• -nematode

• - swellings
• - vector- deer fly
• - nematode

• - Onchocerca colculus
• - vector- black fly
• -nematode
• - dx- larvae in skin snip

• - nematode
• - causes skin ulcers
• - vector- water flea