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what are koch's postulates
- 1) in unhealthy person
- 2) isolated and grown in culture
- 3) taken from culture and injected into individual
- 4) isoalted from diseased animal, grown in culture and show to be same as original
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What is the pattern and process of Koch's postulates?
- Pattern: certain diseases are infectious, can be passed from one to another
- process: transmissionand growth of crtain bacteria and viruses
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what are methods for testing distributions, virulece and metabolic requirements for microbes?
direct sequencing and enrichment cultures
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Why can bacteria and archaea live in wide array of environments?
morphological diversity and metabolic diversity
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what are three ways bacteria and archaea obtain energy?
light (phototrophs), chemoorganotrophs (organic molecules), chemolithotrophs (inorganic molecules)
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Way bacteria and archaea obtain carbon compounds?
autotrophs (make their own), heterotrophs (consume from environment)
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what are the ecological importances of green algae and land plants?
provide ecosystem services (oxygen, build and hold soil, hold water, primary producers: convert energy in sunlight to chemiscal energy), provide food, shelter
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How do plants deal with water loss?
cuticle, stomata, vascular tissues
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describe the evolution of vascular tissues
- 1)simple water conducting cells (mosses)
- 2) first vascular tissue with lignin (ferns)
- 3) tracheids (ends with pits and secondary cell wall) -vascular plants
- 4) vessel elements: in gnetophytes and angiosperms
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how do the monocots and dicots differ in cotyledon, vascular tissue, veins and petals?
- mono: 1, vascular tissue is scattered, parallel veins in leaves, petals in multiple of 3
- di: 2, vascular tissue in ciruclar arrangements, branched veins in leaves, petals in multiples of 4 or 3
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What is the difference between gametophtes and sporophytes?
gametophytes are individuals in multicelluar haploid phase, while sporophytes are individuals in multicelluar diploid phase
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what is the difference between spores and seeds?
seeds include both nutrients and embryo
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when did the alternation of generation, thick walled spores, complex gametania begin?
where green alage breaks with non-vascular plants (MOSSES)
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where did sporophyte dominated life cycle occur?
ferns (vascular seedless)
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where is seeds and pollen developed?
gymnosperms
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which types of plants had sperms swim to eggs?
nonvascular and seedless vascular
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what is adaptive radiation?
single lineage produces large number of descendant species adapted to a wide variety of habitats
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What is the diversification of angiosperms assoicated with?
vessel elements, fruit and flowers
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what are the main functions of roots?
anchors plant, takes in nutrients and water from the soil, stores materials, conducts water and selected ions to shoot
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main function of shoot system?
harvest light and carbon dioxide from atmosphere and produce sugars
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what is phenotype plasticity?
changes in structure of root/shoot system over time
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how can roots be modified?
- 1) adventitious: develop from shot system instead of root system, roots are propped up for support
- 2) grow upward for gas exchange between root tissues and atmophere
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how can shoot systems be modified?
thorns to protect, cactus stems store water, tubers store carbohydrates
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two parts to a leaf?
blade and petiole
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what are different types of leaves?
simple, compound, doubly compound, string leaves
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What is phyllotaxy and what types of phyllotaxy is there?
arrangment of leaves; opposite, whorled, alternating or rosette
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what are types of modified leaves?
- onion leaves store food
- cactus spines protect the stem
- aloe vera stores water
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what types of systems are in primary growth?
- 1) dermal tissues
- 2) ground tissue ( storage, photosynethesis and choloroplasts)
- 3) vascular tissue system
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what is the role of dermal tissue systems? what types of structures are in here?
protect root from water loss, diseases. Epidermal cells secrete cuticle, stomata and trichomes: protective hairlike appendages, keep leaf cool, provide barab and store toxic
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What are the structure in vascular tissue system?
- xylem: main water and mineral conducting tissue (vessels and tracheids)
- phloem: main food conducting tissue (contains elongated sieve cells and sieve tube members)
- They are living cells! as opposed to the dead cells in xylem
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What are the three zones of a root system?
- cellular division (divides)
- cellular elongation (most responsible for movement through soil, recently derived from meristematic tissues)
- maturation: older cells, develops into dermal...
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what is the purpose of secondary growth
increases the width of plant body: increase amunt of conducting tissue and provide structural support
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what do all animals have in common?
- multicellulariy
- heterotrophy: ingest their food, obtain carbon compounds from other organisms
- move under their own power
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What does all animals except sponges have?
nerve cells (transmit signal) and muscle cells (contract)
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what are ways to compare animals?
- -number of embryonic tissue layer
- -type of body symmetry and degree of cephalization
- -presence of coleom
- -how the earliest embryo developed
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what does coelom allow for?
acts as hydrostatic skeleton, helps with movement
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explain the difference betwen protostomes and deterostomes
- protostomes: mouth, blocks of mesoderm hollow out to form coelom (arthopids, mollusks and segmented worms)
- deterostomes: anus, pockets of mesoderm pinch off
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what are the different types of feeding tactics?
- suspension: capture food by filtering out (sponges, clams): mechanisms that can trap food
- deposit: ingest organic materials deposited in soil or ocean floor (simple mouthparts and wormlike body shape)
- fluid: feed on liquids
- mass feeders: vary in tootch structure
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what are the adapations that increase surface area?
flattening, branching, and folding
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What are the three parts to the regulator system?
sensor, integrator, effector
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How do animals exchange heat with environment?
- -conduction
- -convection
- -radiation
- -evaportaion
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what is the difference between endotherms and ectotherms?
endotherms produce their own heat, whereas ectotherms rely on heat from the environment
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of being endoderm?
advantages: be in cold and night whether becuase high metabolic rate produces heat; disadvantages: less energy for reproduction, need large amounts of energy
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What are examples of poikilotherms ectotherms?
freshwater invertebrates, most freshwater fish
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